115,117 Lesions of hypothalamic regions encompassing the DMH and

115,117 Lesions of hypothalamic regions encompassing the DMH and the POA amplify HPA responses to stress.119,120 Furthermore, glutamate microstimulation of DMH neurons produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in hypophysiotropic neurons of the PVN,121 and stimulation of the POA attenuates the excitatory effects of medial amygdalar stimulation of glucocorticoid release.122 The POA is a potential site

of integration between gonadal steroids and the HPA axis. Accordingly, neurons Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the POA are activated by gonadal steroids and express high levels of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors.123,124 Hypothalamus: feeding centers Hypothalamic centers involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis directly innervate PVN neurons. Neurons in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical arcuate nucleus are sensitive to circulating levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin These cells also synthesize neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AGRP), αmelanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), and exactly cocaineand amphetamine-regulated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical transcript (CART) which play critical roles in the regulation of feeding behaviors.125,127 In addition to their roles in energy homeostasis, arcuate neuropeptides have significant effects on HPA axis activity. Central injection of the orexigenic factor NPY results in

HPA axis activation128,129 and infusion of AGRP significantly increases CRF Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical release from hypothalamic expiants.130 The anorectic peptides αMSH and CART have been reported to increase circulating levels of

ACTH and corticosterone,130,132 induce cAMP binding protein phosphorylation in CRF neurons,133 and stimulate CRF release from hypothalamic neurons.130,134 These studies suggest that the HPA axis is activated in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical response to positive and negative states of energy balance. The limbic system Limbic structures of the f orebrain contribute to the regulation of the HPA axis. Neuronal populations in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala are the anatomical substrates for memory formation and emotional responses, and may serve as a link between the stress GSK-3 system and neuropsychiatrie disorders.86,135 The hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala have significant effects on glucocorticoid release and behavioral responses to stress.84,136,137 However, these limbic structures have a limited number of direct connections with hypophysiotropic neurons of the PVN and are thought to regulate HPA axis activity through intermediary neurons in the BNST, hypothalamus, and brain stem.20,138,139 Limbic system: Z-VAD-FMK Caspase inhibitor hippocampus The hippocampus plays an important role in the terminating HPA axis responses to stress.84,139 Stimulation of hippocampal neurons decreases neuronal activity in the parvocellular division of the PVN and inhibits glucocorticoid secretion.

4,11–19 Table 3 Reported Regional Kidney Stone Prevalence Rates p

4,11–19 Table 3 Reported Regional Kidney Stone Prevalence Rates per Country and Year In countries reporting prevalence rates in the 1980s and 1990s, the nonweighted, average global prevalence was 3.25% in the 1980s and 5.64% in the 1990s.3–7,9,10 The highest prevalence rates across all reports were for uranium workers in eastern Tennessee (18.5%) and adults in Northeast Thailand (16.9%) (Table 3).15,19 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html incidence In the United States, overall Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical incidence increased during 1971 to 1978.1,20 In the year 2000, an incidence of 1116 per 100,000 was reported for 18- to 64-year-old employees covered

by 2 large insurance sellekchem carriers.21 This incidence is significantly higher than those from the aforementioned periods. Studies performed in Rochester, MN, showed a steady incidence increase from the 1950s Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical through

1990, with a drop somewhat in 2000.22,23 In Japan, the incidence of nephrolithiasis has doubled over a 40-year time Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical period, both in men and women. These increases were most prominent in the last 10 to 20 years, with rates among men increasing sharply since the 1990s, and rates among women increasing more gradually since the 1980s.24–26 Countries or regions reporting incidence rates for only 1 year include Seoul, Korea, and 4 Spanish cities (Granada, Tudela, Marina Alta, Saragossa)4,16 (Table 4). Table 4 Reported Regional Kidney Stone Incidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Rates per Country and Year Sex and Age Iran, Japan, and the United States had stone incidence reports stratified by age22–24,27 (Figures 1–3). Incidence rates reported by age group consistently show a rise-and-fall pattern as a population ages. Age at peak incidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was similar among these 3 countries: Age at peak incidence was similar among these 3 countries, ranging from 40 to 49 years, except for Japanese women for whom the peak incidence occurred between ages

50 to 59 years. The actual incidence rate was similar for men age 40 to 49 years in the United States and Japan but lower in Iran. Figure 1 2005 Iran kidney stone incidence by age group. A rise-and-fall pattern is observed Batimastat for reported incidence rates in Iran during 2005. Peak incidence is observed in the 40- to 49-year-old age group. Stone prevalence increased with increasing age in Germany, Iceland, Iran, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and the United States (Figures 4–10), although there is a sharp decrease in prevalence in Italians, age > 60 years, living in Milan2,5,7,11,12,14,27(Figure 11). In Korea, prevalence rates decreased as men aged, but increased in women and peaked at age 60 to 69 years16 (Figure 12).

17,18

17,18 The dopamine system is important in the experience of motivation to seek our rewards, both wanting to and, quite literally, moving toward a desired object. Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters that is fundamental in conditioning, in associating the experience of reward with specific objects.19 In the Sorafenib VEGFR-2 present discussion, this conditioning specifically creates the attachment to a particular figure. Dopamine is important in pursuing rewards, and opioids are important in

the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical enjoyment of those rewards.6 Opioids are another endogenous neurochemical, and they are also released in a variety of social interactions, including gentle physical touch. Oxytocin is a neurohormone important in birthing and nursing in all Brefeldin A cost mammals, but in humans it has also been linked to suppression of anxiety during psychosocial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stress and to the enhancement of trust.20,21 However, in order to explain why some individuals develop CG in response to the death of a loved one and others adjust resiliently, we must move beyond models

and theories designed for bereavement generally. A biopsychosocial model of CG posits Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical first that the symptoms of acute grief result from a temporary failure of biobehavioral regulatory functions resulting from the mental representation of the deceased person, much like what has been described above.22 Acute grief resolves as the bereaved person assimilates the finality

of the loss, and this knowledge is integrated into attachment-related long-term memory and mental schemas. This allows an effective attachment system to function Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical again, and there is a reduction of overwhelming and intense sadness. Although Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical acute grief is usually followed by resilient adjustment,23 Shear and Shair22 suggest that adjustment to the death may become complicated by maladaptive attitudes and behaviors (and perhaps new evidence will be discovered that includes physiological constraints of the neurobiological attachment system). Creating a neurobiological model of CG faces a problem with the lack of evidence on a basic point. Does CG represent merely a person with acute grief whose process of adaptation has been interrupted, or does CG represent a wholly other process from noncomplicated bereavement adjustment? For example, CG may stem from a pre-existing individual difference, which is already present Entinostat at the time of the death of the attachment figure. However, it may require the removal of the attachment figure for this pre-existing condition to be revealed in behavior. Immunological biomarkers of grief The effect of bereavement on the immune system has been empirically documented since the 1970s. Bartrop and colleagues24 measured T-cell and B-cell functioning in widows at 2 weeks and 8 weeks following the death, and in controls.

Upper row: The SPM of the t statistics is displayed in a standard

Upper row: The SPM of the t statistics is displayed in a standard format as a maximum intensity projection viewed from the … Discussion In AD patients, both CT-VBM and MR-VBM demonstrated significant atrophy in the left entorhinal cortex and sellckchem hippocampus and in the right entorhinal cortex or hippocampus with left-side dominancy. Our hypothesis was that, even with the gray matter segmented from CT and not from MRI, the characteristic medial

temporal lobe atrophy of AD patients can be detected using the VBM procedure. This hypothesis was proved in this study. Numerous structural MRI studies have demonstrated that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical atrophy of the medial temporal lobe, including Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, is a sensitive marker of early AD (Killiany et al. 2000; Du et al. 2001). Both the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus are essential parts of the medial temporal lobe system that supports declarative memory. Neuronal loss in AD is thought to start in the entorhinal cortex and spread to other regions, such as the hippocampus (Braak and Braak 1991).

Guo et al. (2010) observed gray matter volume in 13 AD patients and 14 healthy controls using MRI. In their analysis of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical gray matter volume, the left parahippocampal gyrus showed more significant atrophy than the right. Shi et al. (2009) found left-less-than-right asymmetry patterns by comparing hippocampal volume. These investigations seem to be in good agreement with the present results of left-side dominant atrophy. As a result, the gray matter atrophy in AD patients observed using CT-VBM was found to be more

widespread than that observed using Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MR-VBM. Atrophy in the right caudate head, left anterior cingulate, and right temporal pole was only observed using CT-VBM in this study. In contrast to its precise spatial and tissue resolution, MRI shows deterioration in field intensity inhomogeneity and geometric distortion depending on factors Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical such as the machines and sequences used and the position of the brain in the coil. Because this intensity inhomogeneity affects many automatic quantitative Entinostat image analyses, various algorithms for correction have been introduced (Sled et al. 1998; Arnold et al. 2001). On the contrary, brain CT has more homogeneity and much less distortion than MRI, even when using different machines or scan protocols. This increased homogeneity and reduced distortion may result in more sensitivity. There is another possibility that the segmentation parameter could contribute to the difference of CT and MR to a certain extent. This new Abiraterone clinical method should be confirmed with more subjects and diagnostic accuracy should be measured. Atrophy in the temporal pole and anterior cingulate have been reported by MRI-based VBM (Karas et al. 2003; Guo et al. 2010).

33,34 Three different

33,34 Three different subgroups of glutamatergic ion channels have been identified utilizing their pharmacological ability to bind different synthetic ligands, each of which is composed of a different set of subunits. These are the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), and the kainate receptor (KAR).The latter two groups are often referred to together as the “non-NMDA” receptors, but undoubtedly subserve unique functions (Table I). In the adult mammalian brain, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical NMDA and AMPA glutamatergic www.selleckchem.com/products/Oligomycin-A.html receptors are colocalized in approximately 70% of the synapses.36 By contrast, at early stages of development, synapses are more likely to contain only

NMDA receptors. Radioligand binding studies have shown that NMDA and AMPA receptors are found in high density in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, septum, and amygdala. Table I. Receptor subtype units. Once released from the presynaptic terminal, glutamate is able to bind to numerous excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical including

both ionotropic (eg, N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA]) and metabotropic receptors. Presynaptic regulation … NMDA receptors The NMDA receptor is activated by glutamate and requires Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the presence of a coagonist, namely glycine or D-serine, to be activated. However, the binding of both glutamate and glycine is still not sufficient for the NMDA receptor channel to open, since, at resting membrane potential, the NMDA ion channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions. Only when the membrane is depolarized (eg, by the activation of AMPA or kainate receptors Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on the same postsynaptic neuron) is the Mg2+ blockade relieved. Under these conditions, the NMDA receptor

channel will open and permit the entry of both Na+ and Ca2+ (Figure 1). The NMDA receptor channel is composed of combination Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B subunits (Table I). The binding site for glutamate has been localized to the NR2 subunit and the site for the coagonist glycine has been localized to the NRl subunit, which is required for receptor function. Two molecules of glutamate and two of glycine arc thought to be necessary to activate the ion channel. Within the Entinostat ion channel, two other sites have been identified called the sigma (a) site and the phencyclidine (PCP) site. The hallucinogenic drug PCP, ketaminc, and the experimental drug dizocilpine (MK-801), all bind at the latter site and are considered noncompetitive receptor antagonists that inhibit NMDA receptor channel function. In preselleck screening library clinical studies, drugs of this type have been shown to have neuroprotective properties against anoxia and hypoglycemia; these studies await clinical confirmation.

Social cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry Psychiatry has been

Social cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry Psychiatry has been traditionally concerned with the inner world. Irrespective of the approach (symptom based neo-Kraepelininan, phenomenological, dynamic, or other), psychiatry holds profound interest in, and epistemic respect for, the subjective.72 Current psychiatric diagnosing relies on collecting symptoms largely based on patients’ subjective perception Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of themselves, and of how they believe others are and see them.30 Cognitive neuroscience and its application to

psychiatric research have been highly productive in demonstrating correlations between many psychiatric disorders and the engagement of various brain systems.58 A better understanding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of social cognition and of its brain mechanisms may improve prediction of course and treatment of psychiatric disorders, but it is less clear, as discussed above, how the current paradigms will improve our knowledge of the bases of psychiatric disorders. Let’s take the example of patients with depression. Patients with depression are known to have a reduced degree of social adaptation73,74 and (may) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical show impaired recognition of emotion from facial expressions (a paradigmatic experimental approach in social Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neuroscience).75,76 If an promotion association between perception

of facial expressions and social adaptation is found, it is often assumed that the difficulty of perception is primary and etiologically related to depression and to the social maladaptation accompanying depression (and perhaps shares common brain mechanisms). Generally this approach follows the “deficit” model, even though more refined social

cognitive paradigms have begun to demonstrate that the “bias” model may also be appropriate for understanding the social cognitive alterations in several psychiatric conditions.77 In a recent study, patients with a history of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depression who were somehow examined while depressed showed reduced capacity to appreciate stimuli conveying happiness (and not negative emotions) relative to Brefeldin_A patients who were examined while in remission, strongly indicating that the phenomenon was related to the depressive state and purportedly attributable to bias (Loi et al, unpublished). For a similar example on eating disorder research see Pringle et al,32 and for an example on schizophrenia see McCormick et al.78 Therefore, performance changes on a social cognitive task may be useful to define prognosis and response to treatment and even conceivably help to give external validity to a diagnosis (ie, allowing definition of boundaries with other psychiatric conditions).

It is however, much higher than the findings from Pakistan [17]

It is however, much higher than the findings from Pakistan [17]. The very high discrepancy is due to the fact that the Pakistan study additionally considered the ambulance service call for emergency conditions to reach health facilities that might have overestimated the dissatisfaction. This will have a negative effect on health care utilization on top of a very low rate. It is vital to save lives of selleck Idelalisib patients by improving the suitability and quality of care to patients. Patients who were served in OBGY and Surgery departments were 1.6 and 3.44 times more likely to be satisfied as compared to

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical those visiting other departments respectively. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical This may be related to the nature of intervention that solves the patients’ concerns and observed illness via surgical and other procedures. Patients who arrived on Mondays were less likely to be satisfied as compared to those arriving Sunday. This is due to the overstretched OPD by the large numbers of regular

and emergency patients that makes hard to adequately treat all patients satisfactorily. Patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with serious medical condition were nearly 3.6 times more likely to be satisfied with the service as compared to those with good condition. This is probably due to the better attention and more time given to critical patients than those in good condition. Senior Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical physicians also are more likely to be consulted for this group of patients leading to better handling. Critical patients’ are also given priority at the gate and may not be subjected

to bad treatment or discrimination. This is because of the lack of classification of patients on arrival and provide care accordingly that would improve patient handling [20,21]. Having felt discriminated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is a negative determinant of satisfaction in the emergency care. Those who felt that they were badly treated were 2.5 times less likely to be satisfied with the service than their counterparts. Study limitations The study participants’ selection depended on those reporting to emergency departments and might have dealt with more critical cases. The study Batimastat involved interview of patients and care takers in case of critical conditions to the patient and this might result in minor differences in response regarding quality of care of the patient. As this is a cross-sectional study, the pattern of all disease could not have been viewd over time. The patient satisfaction might have been influenced by surgical interventions done to some in need against those medically treated. Conclusions Injuries and non-communicable diseases emergency as cardiovascular selleck screening library emergencies are very common among patients in Northwest Ethiopia. There is low level of patient satisfaction in the emergency department.

The age of the patients at diagnosis of their cancers and their f

The age of the patients at diagnosis of their cancers and their family history were collected by reviewing the medical charts. FFPE Ganetespib order tissues Tumour tissues collected at time of surgery were collected and placed in 10% formalin (Lennox) for fixation at room temperature

until embedding for a minimum of 24 hours. Tissue was then removed from the formalin and placed on an open Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cassette. The cassette was closed and placed in 250 mL of Industrial Methylated Spirit (VWR) to wash the formalin from the tissue. Then, the cassette was removed and placed in JFC solution (Milestone) filed JFC beaker and placed in the histoprocessor (MicroMED) for 60 minutes (70 °C). Thereafter, the cassette was transferred to the paraffin wax (VWR) filled wax beaker and placed in the histoprocessor (MicroMED) for 30 minutes. The cassette was removed from the wax

beaker and tissue was blocked out CP127374 carefully. The blocks were left at 4 °C until hard and then stored at fridge or room temperature Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical until sectioning. Sectioning of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was carried out using Slee microtome (LIS Ltd). With section thickness set to 30µM the block was pared down until even sections were being cut and the outer layer of wax was removed. Then the section thickness was adjusted to 5 µM. The sections Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were then placed in a floating out bath to stretch it out, before being placed onto a Superfrost plus (positive charged) slides (VWR). The slides were allowed to air-dry overnight Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at

room temperature and then stored at 4 °C until further use. Before enrolment in any further experiments each slide is stained in H & E and reviewed by a pathologist to determine the quality of the block and the percentage of tumour tissues in the section (should be >50%) Immunohistochemistry Immunostaining was carried out on 5 µm thick paraffin sections of tumour tissue from each patient, using mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the four human MMR proteins and employing automated DABMap system (Ventana) for hMSH6 detection Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and UltraMap system (Ventana) to detect hMLH1, hMSH2, and hPMS2 proteins. DABMap Entinostat protocol It was consist of deparaffinization and cell conditioning, followed by addition of primary antibody and incubation at room temperature for I hour. Then the secondary antibody was added before counterstaining with haematoxylin and slides dehydration. UltraMap protocol The standard UltraMap was used to detect hMSH2. It was again consist of deparrafinization and cell conditioning followed by primary antibody titration. The tissue section was incubated with primary antibody for 12 hours at 37 °C. No secondary antibody was added. This was followed by counterstaining and dehydration in serial ethanol alcohol dilution and Xylene (Sigma). The extended UltraMap protocol was used to determine the expression of hMLH1 and hPMS2.

Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) makes up 6-9% of all conge

Isolated pulmonary valve selleck stenosis (PS) makes up 6-9% of all congenital heart defects among children. PS is divided into valvar, subvalvar, supravalvar, according to the anatomically stenotic portion, and valvar PS is known to be the most common type. The type of stenosis may be the deciding point for the method of therapy, surgical or interventional, and its effects.1) PS can be divided into mild,

moderate, and severe according to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the pressure gradient between the systemic pressure and the right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP): mild to moderate (RVSP ≤ 75% of systemic pressure); severe (RVSP 76-100% of systemic pressure); critical (RVSP > 100%). In the past, these patients were candidates Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of surgical valvotomy, but in moderate to severe PS, percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) has risen as the first treatment option since the first introduction in 1982.2) Since the initial adoption of the procedure, equipment for BPV has improved and the skills of the performers have selleck chem ameliorated, leading to minimal complications and its usefulness, proven in many previous studies.3-5)

The initial gold standard for diagnosis of PS is by echocardiography. In 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography there can be evidence of right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, RV enlargement, or right atrial enlargement. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Color flow Doppler imaging demonstrates high-velocity turbulent systolic flow through the pulmonary valve.6) Pressure gradients can simultaneously be estimated by continuous wave Doppler.7) Pressure gradients consist of echocardiographic systolic pressure gradient and mean pressure gradient. In case of aortic valve stenosis which is similar obstruction Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease, mean pressure gradient is considered more important for evaluation of disease among those two gradients.8) However, the most accurate diagnosis still remains to be measurement of the pressure gradient through transcatheterization. The purpose of this study is to compare the difference between the echocardiographic data to

the cardiac catheterization data on the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in patients Brefeldin_A diagnosed as PS, and to see what parameters should be closely monitored. Methods Subjects A total of 112 patients (Male : Female = 46 : 66) who underwent BPV at Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, between December, 2002 to August, 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were all under 16 years of age and critical PS patients who underwent BPV were excluded from this study. The age range was between 1 month to 192 months and mean age 38.35 months (± 48.55 months). Patients with concomitant simple observable heart diseases such as atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale were included, but those with complex heart diseases were excluded.

20% and 50% DRZ loading showed the highest entrapment efficiency

20% and 50% DRZ loading showed the highest entrapment efficiency for OCM-CSNs and CSNs, respectively. Entrapment efficiency of DRZ with synthesized OCM-CS

improved by 14% compared to CS. In vitro release profile showed sustained release over the period of 8h for OCM-CSNP. In vitro mucoadhesion studies showed enhanced mucoadhesion of OCM-CSNPs compared to CSNPs. Prepared OCM-CSNPs Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were nonirritant when tested by HET-CAM. In vivo studies of DRZ loaded OCM-CSNPs exhibited a promising prolonged antiglaucoma effect without pulse entry as compared to CSNPs. The currently resultant OCM-CSNPs had better entrapment, tailored drug release, and improved bioavailability with reduction in pulse entry as compared to CSNPs. Hence it can be concluded that DRZ loaded OCM-CSNPs is better and efficacious alternative to conventional eye drops for the anti-glaucoma activity. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Conflict of interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests in this work. Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to TIFR, Mumbai, India for X-ray diffraction, Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India for HET-CAM and IIT Bombay, India for TEM studies.
Gliomas account for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical almost all primary tumors in the central nervous system

(CNS) among which glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and invasive. In spite of some therapeutic improvements from neurosurgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacology, the 5-year median survival rate is less than 5%, which clearly justifies attempts to improve treatment. The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with its intracellular domain acting as a tyrosine kinase and its extracellular part acting as a receptor with high affinity for EGFR [1]. EGFR is highly expressed in cancer

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cells in more than 40% of GBM cases, and the mutated form of EGFR, EGFRvIII, is additionally expressed in more than 40% of GBM cases expressing EGFR [2, 3], clearly indicating that EGFR could play a role in GBM pathogenesis. Furthermore, as EGFR and EGFRvIII are substantially expressed by the leave a message cancer cells in GBM, these receptors are amendable for targeted therapy [4]. Liposome-based Carfilzomib therapeutics are usable for treatment of a variety of cancer types, but current available liposomes for human use are not provided conjugated with targeting molecules, which increases the demand for dosage to reach a therapeutic acceptable concentration near the cancer cells and also increases the risks of side effects [5]. Accordingly, target-based therapeutics consisting of protein ligands or antibodies conjugated to liposomes are widely investigated for drug delivery to cancer cells specifically expressing certain proteins adaptable for targeting.