To obtain an AtMinD-GFP expression vector in E coli, the AtMinD

To obtain an AtMinD-GFP expression vector in E. coli, the AtMinD gene was first amplified with primers: AD1F2, CGGGATCCCATGCCGCGTATCGTCGTTATC

and AD1R2, CATACCATGGTGCCGCCAAAGAAAGAGAAGA and inserted into pEGFP (Clontech, CA) between the BamHI and NcoI restriction enzyme cutting selleck kinase inhibitor sites. Then the AtMinD-GFP fusion gene was PCR-amplified with selleck chemical primers AD1F1 and GFPR, CCGAAGCTTTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTC and introduced into vector pMLB1113 between the EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzyme cutting sites. To obtain GFP-AtMinD and GFP-EcMinD expression vectors, GFP was amplified from pEGFP plasmid by primers CGAATTCAACAAGGAATTTCTATGGTGAGCAAGGGC/GCTCTAGACTTGTACAGCTCGTC and cut by EcoRI and XbaI. AtMinD or EcMinD were PCR amplified by primers AD1F3, GCTCTAGAATGCCGGAACTCGCCGGAGAAACGC/AD1R1 or EcDF2, GCTCTAGAATGGCACGCATTATTGTTGT/EcDR1 and cut by XbaI and HindIII. GFP and AtMinD or EcMinD were ligated together in vitro and then inserted into pMLB1113 between EcoRI and HindIII cutting sites. For the construction of GFP-EcMinC expression vectors, EcMinC was amplified by MCF1, Danusertib manufacturer GCTCTAGAATGTCAAACACGCCAATCG and MCR1, ATGGATCCTCAATTTAACGGTTGAACGG and cut by XbaI and BamHI. EcMinC and the GFP gene above were ligated

together in Thalidomide vitro and then inserted into pMLB1113 between EcoRI and BamHI cutting sites. To express AtMinD and GFP-EcMinC together, AtMinD was amplified by AD1F4, CGGGATCCAACAAGGAATTTCTATGCCGCGTATCGTCGTTATC and AD1R1, cut by BamHI and HindIII and then inserted into pMLB1113-GFP-EcMinC. All the constructs above were transformed into HL1 mutant (ΔMinDE) or RC1 mutant (ΔMinCDE) respectively. Yeast two-hybrid analysis AtMinD and ΔTPAtMinD were

PCR-amplified with primers YDF1, GGGTTTCATATGGCGTCTCTGAGATTGTTC and YDR, CGGGATCCTTAGC CGCCAAAGAAAG or YDF2, GGGTTTCATATGCCGGAACTCGCCGGAGA AACGC and YDR, cloned into pGADT7 and pGBK (Clontech, CA, USA) which were cut by NdeI and BamHI. EcMinC was amplified with primers CF, CGGAATTCATGTCAAACACGCCAATCG and CR, ATGGATCC TCAATTTAACGGTTGAACGG, then introduced into pGADT7 and pGBK between the restriction enzyme cutting sites EcoRI and BamHI. All the constructs were first made in E. coli DH5α and then transformed into yeast strain AH109 by using the lithium acetate method. If the two proteins fused to the bait and prey respectively can interact with each other, the cotransformed yeast cells will grow in the absence of leucine, tryptophan and histidine and in the presence of 3 mM 3-AT [29–31], according to the protocol from Clontech.

Meanwhile, the localized defect states are also proposed to affec

Meanwhile, the localized defect states are also proposed to SIS3 research buy affect the nonlinear optical properties of nc-Si films. Ito et al. found that the nonlinear refractive index did not decrease monotonously with the size of nc-Si, and they believed that www.selleckchem.com/products/XL184.html both the quantized electronic states and defect states contributed to the large nonlinear refractive index [12]. In our present work, we systematically studied the nonlinear optical properties of Si/SiO2

multilayers during the transition process from amorphous phase to nanocrystalline Si state. We found tunable nonlinear optical behaviors, reverse saturation absorption in the amorphous-phase dominant samples, and saturation absorption in the nanocrystalline-phase dominant ones, under femtosecond laser excitation. The nonlinear refraction was also simultaneously changed. We proposed that the interface states of nc-Si play the important role in the changing of nonlinear optical behaviors. Methods The nc-Si/SiO2 multilayer samples with 9.5 periods studied here were obtained by thermally annealing amorphous

Si/SiO2 stacked structure prepared in conventional plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. During the deposition process, the substrate temperature and radio frequency power were kept at 250°C and 50 W, Selleckchem PR 171 respectively. The details of preparation condition can be found elsewhere [13]. As-deposited samples were dehydrogenated at 450°C for 1 h and subsequently annealed in pure N2 ambient to precipitate nc-Si at various temperatures (800°C to 1,000°C). Here after, we denoted the as-deposited sample, 800°C, 900°C, and 1,000°C annealed sample as samples A, B, C, and D, respectively. The microstructures of nc-Si/SiO2 multilayers were characterized by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) and Raman scattering

spectroscopy. Figure 1 is the X-TEM image of sample D, which is clearly shown that the periodic structures are kept after annealing and nc-Si dots are formed with the size of 4 nm (as shown in the inset of Figure 1). Optical absorption spectra were measured in a spectral range of 300 to 1,000 nm using Shimadzu UV-3600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Adriamycin.html Corp., Kyoto, Japan), and the optical bandgap was deduced according to Tauc plots. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) was measured under the excitation of He-Cd laser (325 nm). Figure 1 X-TEM micrograph of sample D after annealing at 1,000°C. The inset is the high-resolution TEM image, in which the formed nc-Si dots can be clearly identified. The Z-scan technique [14] was applied to measure the nonlinear optical coefficients of nc-Si/SiO2 multilayers. In this experiment, the excitation laser was a Ti-sapphire laser with 50-fs pulse duration at 800 nm, the repetition rate was 1 kHz.

Anim Conserv 11:529–534CrossRef Borda-de-Agua L, Navarro L, Gavin

Anim Conserv 11:529–534CrossRef Borda-de-Agua L, Navarro L, Gavinhos C, Pereira HM (2010) Spatio-temporal impacts of roads on the persistence of populations: analytic and numerical approaches. Landsc Ecol 26(2):253–265CrossRef Böttcher M, Reck H, Hänel K, Winter A (2005) Habitat corridors for humans and Selleckchem ��-Nicotinamide nature in Germany. Gaia 14(2):163–166 Clevenger AP, Ford A (2010) Wildlife crossing structures, fencing, and other highways design considerations.

In: Beckmann JP, Clevenger AP, Huijser MP, Hilty JA (eds) Safe passages—highways, wildlife and habitat connectivity. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 17–50 Clevenger AP, Sawaya MA (2010) Piloting a non-invasive genetic sampling method for evaluating population-level benefits of wildlife crossing structures. Ecol Soc 15(1):7. http://​www.​ecologyandsociet​y.​org/​vol15/​iss1/​art7/​

Clevenger AP, Waltho N (2000) Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, click here Alberta, Canada. Conserv Biol 14:47–56CrossRef Clevenger AP, Waltho N (2003) Long-term, year-round monitoring of wildlife crossing structures and the importance of temporal and spatial variability in performance studies. In: Irwin CL, Garrett P, McDermott KP (eds) 2003 Proceedings of the International HM781-36B chemical structure Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, pp 293–302 Clevenger AP, Waltho N (2005) Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biol Conserv 121:453–464CrossRef Coffin AW (2007) From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. J Transp Geogr 15:396–406CrossRef Corlatti L, Hackländer K, Frey-Roos F (2009) Ability of wildlife overpasses to provide

connectivity and prevent genetic isolation. Conserv Biol 23(3):548–556PubMedCrossRef Dodd CK, Barichivich WJ, Smith LL (2004) Effectiveness of a barrier wall and culverts in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily travelled highway in Florida. Biol Conserv 118:619–631CrossRef Doran GT (1981) There’s a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management’s goals and objectives. Manag Rev 70(11):35 Epps CW, McCullough DR (2005) Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep. Ecol Lett Carbohydrate 8:1029–1038CrossRef Evink GL (2002) Interaction between roadways and wildlife ecology. A synthesis of highway practice. National cooperative highway research program synthesis 305, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC Fahrig L, Rytwinski T (2009) Effects of roads on animal abundance: An empirical review and synthesis. Ecol Soc 14(1):21. http://​www.​ecologyandsociet​y.​org/​vol14/​iss1/​art21/​ Ford AT, Clevenger AP, Rettie K (2010) The Banff Wildlife Crossings Project: An international public-private partnership. In: Beckmann JP, Clevenger AP, Huijser MP, Hilty JA (eds) Safe passages—highways, wildlife and habitat connectivity.

Five years follow-up was performed, and all patients had complete

Five years follow-up was performed, and all patients had complete follow-up until death. Overall survival time was calculated from the date of the initial surgical operation to death. Patients, who died of diseases not directly

related to their gliomas or due to unexpected events, were excluded from this study. Immunohistochemistry assay Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, sectioned tissues (4 μm thick) were immunostained using the Labelled check details Streptavidin Biotin 2 System (BioGenex; San Ramon, CA, USA). Following CFTRinh-172 manufacturer peroxidase blocking with 0.3% H2O2/methanol for 30 min, specimens were blocked with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). All incubations with mouse anti-human CLIC1 monoclonal antibody (1:175 dilution, Abcam,Cambridge,

UK) were carried out overnight at 4°C. The specificity of this primary antibody has been demonstrated in previous studies of Wang et al. [11]. Then the specimens were briefly washed in PBS and incubated at room temperature with the anti-mouse antibody and avidin-biotin peroxidase (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). The specimens were then selleck chemicals washed in PBS and color-developed by diaminobenzidine solution (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA). After washing with water, specimens were counterstained with Meyer’s hematoxylin (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA). Nonneoplastic brain

tissues were used as control tissues and non-immune IgG was also used as negative control antibody for immunohistochemical staining. Assessment of immunohistochemical staining was Cepharanthine evaluated by two independent pathologists. The scores of the two pathologists were compared and any discrepant scores were trained through re-examining the stainings by both pathologists to achieve a consensus score. The number of positive-staining cells showing immunoreactivity in cytoplasm for CLIC1 in ten representative microscopic fields was counted and the percentage of positive cells was calculated. The percentage scoring of immunoreactive tumor cells was as follows: 0 (0%), 1 (1–10%), 2 (11–50%) and 3 (>50%). The staining intensity was visually scored and stratified as follows: 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate) and 3 (strong). A final immunoreactivity scores (IRS) was obtained for each case by multiplying the percentage and the intensity score. Protein expression levels were further analyzed by classifying IRS values as low (based on a IRS value less than 5) and as high (based on a IRS value greater than 5). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR The mRNA expression of CLIC1 in glioma and non-neoplastic brain tissues was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis according to the conventional protocols of Tangdu hospital [18].

​pseudomonas ​com[3] Strain Pf-5 is a model biological control a

​pseudomonas.​com[3]. Strain Pf-5 is a model biological control agent that inhabits the rhizosphere of plants and suppresses diseases caused by BIBF 1120 in vivo a wide variety of soilborne pathogens [3–15]. The original analysis of the Pf-5 VX-680 genome [3] focused primarily on the strain’s metabolic capaCity and on the pathways involved in the production of secondary metabolites. The latter encompass nearly six percent

of the genome and include antibiotics that are toxic to plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes and contribute to Pf-5′s broad-spectrum biocontrol activity. The aim of the present study was to more thoroughly analyze and annotate sections of the Pf-5 genome that contain MGEs.

Here, we describe one transposase, six regions containing prophages (termed Prophage 01 to 06) and two genomic islands that are present in the Pf-5 genome. Results and discussion The genome of P. fluorescens Pf-5 contains six prophage regions that vary in G+C content from 62.6% to 46.8% and two putative genomic islands (Table 1). Three of the prophages exceed 15 kb in length and contain genes for transcriptional regulators, DNA metabolism enzymes, structural bacteriophage proteins and lytic enzymes. Table 1 Phage-related elements and genomic islands of P. fluorescens Pf-5 genome Feature Gene range 5′ end 3′ end Size (bp) %GC Presence of integrase Type of feature Prophage 01 PFL_1210 Smad phosphorylation to PFL_1229 1386082 1402957 16875 62.6 No SfV-like prophage Prophage 02 PFL_1842 to PFL_1846 2042157 2050549 8392 46.8 Yes* Defective prophage in tRNASer Prophage 03 Aldehyde dehydrogenase PFL_1976 to PFL_2019 2207060 2240619 33559 61.2 Yes P2-like prophage Prophage 04 PFL_2119 to PFL_2127 2338296

2351794 13498 56.3 Yes Defective prophage in tRNAPro Prophage 05 PFL_3464 to PFL_3456 3979487 3982086 2599 55.3 Yes* Defective prophage in tRNACys Prophage 06 PFL_3739 to PFL_3780 4338335 4395005 56670 57.3 Yes Lambdoid prophage in tRNASer Genomic island 1 (PFGI-1) PFL_4658 to PFL_4753 5378468 5493586 115118 56.4 Yes Putative mobile island PFGI-1 in tRNALys Genomic island 2 (PFGI-2) PFL_4977 to PFL_4984 5728474 5745256 16782 51.5 Yes Genomic island in tRNALeu *, the predicted integrase gene contains frameshift mutation(s). Prophage 01 of Pf-5 and homologous prophages in closely related strains Prophage 01 spans 16,875 bp and consists of genes encoding a myovirus-like tail, holin and lysozyme lytic genes, a putative chitinase gene (PFL_1213), and genes for a repressor protein (PFL_1210) and a leptin binding protein-like bacteriocin, LlpA1 (PFL_1229) (Fig. 1, see Additional file 1).

:

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S, Andreani S, Girotti P, Pizzilli G, Vesconi S: Niguarda trauma team: outcome of three years of activity. Minerva Anestesiol 2008, 74:11–15.PubMed 19. Creamer GL, Civil I, Koelmeyer T, Adams D, Cacala S, Thompson J: Ethnicity of severe trauma AZD9291 chemical structure patients: results of a population-based study, Auckland, New Zealand. NZ Med J 2010,123(1316):26–32. 20. Boland M, Staines A, Fizpatrick P, Selleckchem NCT-501 Scallan E: Urban–rural variation in mortality and hospital admission rates for unintentional injury in Ireland. Inj

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PubMedCrossRef 17 Saitou N, Nei M: The neighbor-joining method:

PubMedCrossRef 17. Saitou N, Nei M: The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 1987,4(4):406–425.PubMed 18. Felsenstein J: Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985,39(4):783–791.CrossRef 19. Zuckerkandl E, Pauling L: Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins. In Evolving Genes and Proteins. Edited by: Bryson V, Vogel H. Academic Press, New York; 1965:97–166. 20. Tamura K, PXD101 research buy Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011,28(10):2731–2739.PubMedCrossRef

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Sensitivity analyses were provided within each drug cohort to com

Sensitivity analyses were provided within each drug XAV-939 mw cohort to compare the incidence of VTE in current users versus non-users. Results The non-osteoporotic cohort comprised of 115,009 women. There was a total of 58,242 osteoporotic patients, of whom 11,546 were untreated. The follow-up periods were 241,261 PY for the non-osteoporotic cohort and 10,979 PY for the untreated osteoporotic cohort. Considering only new users, a total of 2,408 osteoporotic patients were treated with strontium ranelate and

20,084 Kinase Inhibitor Library with alendronate sodium. The prescription period was 1,859 PY for strontium ranelate (mean follow-up, 9.3 months) and 19,391 PY for alendronate sodium (mean follow-up, 11.6 months). Table 1 summarises the baseline characteristics of the four cohorts. Patients in the osteoporotic cohorts were older than the non-osteoporotic cohort with a mean age of 74.1 years for osteoporotic patients treated with strontium ranelate or alendronate sodium and 70.8 years for untreated osteoporotic

women versus 66.5 years for non-osteoporotic Z-IETD-FMK clinical trial women. The mean BMI was higher in the non-osteoporotic cohort than in the untreated osteoporotic cohort. The number of patients with a medical history of VTE was higher in the untreated osteoporotic cohort (3.4%) than in the non-osteoporotic cohort (1.6%). For treated osteoporotic patients, the number of patients with a medical history of VTE was 4.2% in the strontium ranelate cohort and 3.8% in the alendronate sodium cohort. As would be expected, the osteoporotic cohorts included a higher number of patients with referrals to other services or specialities (such as rheumatology, radiology, traumatology, orthopaedic clinic, old and X-ray), hospitalisations, fractures, and surgery. Similarly, fewer non-osteoporotic women had received oral corticosteroids within the 6 months before the index date. All these characteristics

have been included in fully adjusted analyses for cohort’s comparisons. Table 1 Main characteristics of the cohorts at index date   Non-osteoporotic cohort Untreated osteoporotic cohort Treated osteoporotic cohort Strontium ranelate Alendronate sodium Number of patients 115,009 11,546 2,408 20,084 Age (years) 66.5 ± 11.5 70.8 ± 10.8 74.1 ± 10.1 74.1 ± 10.3 Patients ≥80 years 18,776 (16.3) 2,700 (23.4) 802 (33.3) 6,775 (33.7) BMI, kg/m² 27.1 ± 5.6 25.2 ± 5.0 24.4 ± 4.9 25.4 ± 5.2 History of VTE 1,838 (1.6) 395 (3.4) 100 (4.2) 768 (3.8) Medical history Referralsa, b 32,124 (27.9) 6,442 (55.8) 1,375 (57.1) 10,906 (54.3) Hospitalisationsb 2,607 (2.3) 676 (5.9) 178 (7.4) 1,699 (8.5) Fracture 3,100 (2.7) 1,181 (10.2) 323 (13.4) 2,785 (13.9) Surgery 12,697 (11.0) 1,853 (16.0) 470 (19.5) 3,555 (17.7) Malignant cancer 15,371 (13.4) 2,147 (18.6) 445 (18.5) 3,767 (18.8) Varicose veins 8,247 (7.2) 1,238 (10.7) 302 (12.5) 2,215 (11.0) Previous treatments Oestrogen replacement therapyc 8,874 (7.7) 582 (5.

These figures visually demonstrate two striking effects Firstly,

These figures visually demonstrate two striking effects. Firstly, the transmittance of the coated glass is

higher than the bare glass and is highest when the glass is coated on both sides (double AR). Secondly, the reflectivity, observed in the pictures as the reflection of the photo-taking camera, is reduced on the coated samples. No reflected image could be found on the double AR part of glass click here region in Additional file 1: Figure S1(b). Comparing Additional file 1: Figure S1(a) and Figure S1(b), the AR effect was much more pronounced in the double AR sample, as a result of the improvement of both abrupt interfaces of glass by the nanospheres. (TIF 7 MB) Additional file 2: Isotherm of fresh and ageing suspension. Ageing suspension gave a higher collapse pressure than fresh suspension with p38 MAPK phosphorylation the same surfactant concentration. (TIFF 154 KB) Additional file 3: Compression-relaxation

cycles. The curve demonstrated that the monolayer of sphere on water is more compact after performing several compression-relaxation cycles. (TIFF 173 KB) Additional file 4: Influence of other parameters. Influence of parameters including compression-relaxation cycles, dipper speed and annealing effect. (TIFF 4 MB) References 1. Stöber W, Fink A, Bohn E: Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range . J Colloid Interface Sci 1968, 26:62–69.CrossRef 2. Xia Y, Gates B, Yin Y, Lu Y: Monodispersed colloidal spheres: old materials with new

applications . Adv Mater 2000, 12:693–713.CrossRef 3. Lee D, Rubner MF, Cohen RE: All-nanoparticle thin-film coatings . Nano Lett 2006, 6:2305–2312.CrossRef 4. Zhang L, Qiao ZA, Zheng Vorinostat price M, Huo Q, Sun J: Rapid and substrate-independent layer-by-layer fabrication of antireflection- and antifogging-integrated coatings . J Mater Chem 2010, 20:6125.CrossRef heptaminol 5. Prevo BG, Hwang Y, Velev OD: Convective assembly of antireflective silica coatings with controlled thickness and refractive index . Chem Mater 2005, 17:3642–3651.CrossRef 6. Sun CH, Jiang P, Jiang B: Broadband moth-eye antireflection coatings on silicon . Appl Phys Lett 2008, 92:061112.CrossRef 7. Phillips BM, Jiang P, Jiang B: Biomimetic broadband antireflection gratings on solar-grade multicrystalline silicon wafers . Appl Phys Lett 2011, 99:191103.CrossRef 8. Chan CH, Fischer A, Martinez-Gil A, Taillepierre P, Lee CC, Yang SL, Hou CH, Chien HT, Cai DP, Hsu KC, Chen CC: Anti-reflection layer formed by monolayer of microspheres . Appl Phys B 2010, 100:547–551.CrossRef 9. Liu BT, Yeh WD: Antireflective surface fabricated from colloidal silica nanoparticles . Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010, 356:145–149.CrossRef 10. Du X, He J: Facile fabrication of hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres for superhydrophilic and visible/near-IR antireflection coatings . Chemistry 2011, 17:8165–8174.CrossRef 11. Gao T, Jelle BP, Gustavsen A: Antireflection properties of monodisperse hollow silica nanospheres .

Another caution in using mutants is that changing one gene may ha

Another caution in using mutants is that changing one gene may have unintended consequences on the Doramapimod greater photosynthetic apparatus. For instance, knocking out PsbS as in npq4 could change the properties of the thylakoid membrane, which affect more processes than just qE. PsbS has been shown to affect the stacking

of the grana membranes (Kiss et al. 2008) and to affect the distance between PSII centers upon illumination (Betterle et al. 2009). These changes have not been shown to be directly related to qE, but they complicate the interpretation of the role of PsbS. As another example, the altered qE dynamics of the lut2 mutant, which lacks lutein, may be due to the misfolding of light-harvesting proteins rather than a change in see more the qE mechanism (Dall’Osto et al. 2006). Nonetheless, the A. thaliana qE mutants buy Vorinostat have provided a powerful tool for studying the components and mechanism of qE. Triggering of qE We now turn to a description of tools to study qE triggering. A complete understanding of the triggering of qE by \(\Updelta\hboxpH\) requires

characterizing the value of the lumen pH at which the components of qE are turned on. It is important to know the pH level at which any pH-sensitive qE components are activated and whether these pH levels are absolute or modulated by other environmental factors. It is also important to characterize the “steepness” of the pH dependence of qE. A steep pH dependence would correlate to a “switch” from fully on to fully off in a short pH range. By contrast, a shallow pH Resminostat dependence would correspond to a “dial,” where the activation level gradually changes from off to on. In addition to quantifying the response of the proteins involved in qE to protonation, a complete understanding of qE triggering requires knowing the response of PSII to the protonation

of these key proteins. This response could involve conformational changes within or between proteins and is discussed in the “Formation of qE in the grana membrane” section. Although work with chemical inhibitors has convincingly shown that qE is triggered by acidification of the lumen, quantifying the qE response to lumen pH is challenging. This challenge arises from the fact that the complexes involved in qE are embedded in the thylakoid membrane and that the pH-sensitive components of these complexes are located in the lumen space. To characterize the response of qE to \(\Updelta\hboxpH,\) researchers have sought to measure the lumen pH and determine the pK as of key proteins and enzymes. These downstream responses to the pH trigger have been investigated by a combination of measuring the lumen pH and correlating it to the amount of qE. The effect of \(\Updelta\hboxpH\) on qE has been quantified by fitting the relationship between observed qE quenching and measured lumen pH to various equations, as in Takizawa et al.