The fatty acid profile of the lipids extracted from the cakes was obtained. The central slices were dried according

to AACC method 44-15.02 (AACC, 2010), milled and the lipids extracted as described in AOAC method 922.06 (AOAC, 2000). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained according to method UNE 55-037-73 (AENOR, 1991) and their compositions determined by capillary gas chromatography (CGC 6890 System Plus, Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, Canada) with a flame ionisation detector (FID). The capillary column BLZ945 in vivo was a DB–225 J&W 122-2232 – 50% cyanopropylphenyl-dimethylpolysiloxane one (Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, Canada) with the following dimensions: 30 m long, 0.25 mm inner diameter and 0.25 μm film. The

analytical conditions were: injector temperature 220 °C, detector temperature 220 °C; oven temperature 60 °C (1 min) programmed Galunisertib mouse to increase to 210 °C at a rate of 6 °C/min and maintained at this temperature for a further 20 min; carrier gas: N2-UAP; and make-up gas: N2-UAP. The individual FAMEs were identified using the Lipid Standard Sigma 189-1 (Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd., Poole, UK) and Supelco FAME-Mix C4-C24 18919-1 (Supelco Inc., Madrid, Spanish), and the results are expressed as the total fatty acid content (TFA). Sensory evaluation of the cakes, acceptance tests and the purchasing intention were conducted after 1 day of storage. The samples were evaluated by 40 untrained panellists in isolated booths under white light. The attributes of colour, flavour and texture were evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale (Stone & Sidel, 1993), where 1 = disliked extremely and 9 = liked extremely, and the purchasing intention on a five point scale, where 1 = “would certainly not buy” and 5 = “would

certainly buy”. The samples were served monadically in a random order. Scores from 4 to 5 were considered as a positive purchasing intention. Response 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl surface methodology was used to analyse the technological characteristics of the cakes with WCF and HVF as the independent variables, and the specific volume, crumb colour parameters, moisture content and firmness after 1, 4 and 7 days of storage as the dependent variables (responses). The Statistica 5.0 program (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, USA) was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to obtain the mathematical models and to build the response surfaces (p < 0.05). Differences between the average values for moisture content and firmness during the storage period, and the nutritional and sensory results obtained for the cakes were assessed by ANOVA and the Tukey test (p < 0.05) using the same statistical programme. Table 2 shows the results obtained for the proximate composition of the wheat flour and WCF. When compared to wheat flour, WCF had higher protein, lipid and dietary fibre contents, showing that WCF is an important source of these components.

15, p=0.299. For the semantic task, there were tone×antpost, F(2, 32)=8.55, p=0.003, and tone×lat, F(2, 32)=4.67, p=0.027, interactions. High tone was more positive than low tone in frontal, F(1, 16)=12.16, p=0.003, and central, F(1, 16)=12.84, p=0.002, RoIs ( Fig. 1C). The effect size was larger over mid, F(1, 16)=15.55, p=0.001, η2=0.493, and right, F(1, 16)=11.84, p=0.003, η2=0.425, than over left electrodes, F(1, 16)=5.66, p=0.030, η2=0.261. For the lexical word boundary task, a tone×antpost

interaction was seen, F(2, 32)=5.98, p=0.010. High tones produced more positivity at frontal, F(1, 16)=6.34, p=0.023, and central, F(1, 16)=22.59, p<0.001, leads ( Fig. 1D). There was no significant effect for delexicalized speech, F(1, 16)=1.55, p=.231. In the semantic task ERPs, there was a tone×suffix interaction between 400 and 550 ms following suffix onset, F(1, 16)=4.63, BLZ945 research buy p=0.047. High tone-inducing suffixes produced increased positivity as compared to low tone-inducing suffixes following low stem tones ( Fig. 1E), F(1, 16)=5.84, p=0.028, but not following high stems, F(1, 16)=0.01, p=0.921. There were no significant effects for the lexical or delexicalized word boundary selleck compound tasks. The negativities

for high tone-inducing suffixes preceding and following the positivity were not significant. It has been hypothesized that the early stages of prosodic processing are reflected in variations in the N1 and P2 components. N1 increase is thought to show detection of salient auditory features that might be relevant for speech processing, whereas a P2 increase would index allocation of anticipatory attention to upcoming grammatical information cued by the prosodic features. The present study tested the ERP effects of high and low word-stem tones in Central Swedish. As previously found, high stem tones increased the P2 amplitude as compared to low

tones. Crucially, however, this was not the case for the delexicalized Rucaparib versions of the same stimuli. This finding supports the hypothesis that the P2 effect indexes allocation of attention to upcoming grammatical information – in this case, high stem tone-associated suffixes – which was not available in the delexicalized stimuli. The fact that the P2 effect was also present in the lexical boundary task blocks, where the stem tone was irrelevant for the task, might suggest that the P2 in fact indexes “passive” anticipatory attention. It should be noted that native speakers are often unconscious of the existence of high and low stem tones in Swedish. This is similar to the case of left-edge boundary tones, where the P2 has been argued to show passive anticipatory attention to upcoming main clause structures. The P2 onset was further found to be rather early, around 160 ms rather than the 200 ms onset previously reported. This is most likely due to the more exact tone onset and thereby earlier tone processing in the present study.

Despite numerous retrospective studies, however, the use of these biomarkers remains controversial because of the sample size limitations due to the rare prevalence of BRONJ, as well as problems in study design in establishing controls and other study criteria (Table 3) [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12]. Certain studies [6], [7] and [12] have set the reference ranges of the manufacturer as a benchmark comparison; however, reference ranges have not yet been established except in premenopausal women, and even this varied among studies [19].

Other studies [9] and [11] used healthy patients or patients taking BPs as the control group; however, this method is flawed because the true control group would be patients who have undergone dentoalveolar surgery without developing BRONJ. Despite having a carefully matched control group, this study could not find a relation between biomarkers and BRONJ development, with the exception of PTH. find more www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html CTX, NTX, and DPD are the representative markers that can quantify the amount of bone absorbed by osteoclastic activity, and they have received large interest as risk predictors. However, such collagen degradation

markers have a high degree of analytical and biological variability [20]. More important, even though these markers quantify the amount of degradation molecules which are produced by osteoclastic activity at the time of sampling, they do not necessarily reflect the overall decrease in bone remodeling activity caused by BPs [5] and [12]. Thus,

it is likely that these markers will not be highly meaningful for predicting the degree of dentoalveolar trauma and restorative capacities of bone that shows suppression of osteoclastic activity and subsequent abnormal remodeling, the major pharmacologic Selleckchem Depsipeptide effect of BPs. In the present study, the only biomarker that showed a statistical significance for BRONJ development was serum PTH. Ardine et al. [21] suggested the involvement of hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the period preceding BRONJ development. Although conflicting study results do exist, [10] and [22] this inspiration may serve as an important lead for the investigation of the mechanism behind BRONJ, and additional research is needed. Although novel biomarker candidates related to bone remodeling such as serum VEGF [23] and TRACP 5b [5] have been proposed as risk predictors, these have not yielded continuous research. Several reports in the dental literature still recommend that the serum CTX level should be > 150 pg/mL before dental surgery [6], [9], [10] and [24]. However, it is not unusual for patients taking BPs to have serum CTX levels of < 150 pg/mL according to the large-scale FLEX (Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension) [25] and HORIZON (Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly) [26] studies. Moreover, even among persons with levels of < 150 pg/mL, patients that developed BRONJ are very rare [25] and [26].

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the highest it has been for at least the last 15 Ma (Tripati et al., 2009; LaRiviere et al., 2012) and probably longer (34 Ma; Hönisch et al., 2012). “
“At the start of the industrial revolution (circa 1750) the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) was around 280 ppm. Since that time the burning of fossil fuel, together with other industrial processes such as cement manufacture and changing land use, has increased this value to 400 ppm, for the first time in over 3 million years. With CO2 being a potent greenhouse gas, the consequence of this rise for global temperatures has

been dramatic, and not only for air temperatures. Global Sea Surface Temperature (SST) has warmed by 0.4–0.8 °C during the last selleck screening library century, although regional differences are evident (IPCC, 2007). This rise in atmospheric CO2 levels and the resulting global warming to some extent has been ameliorated by the oceanic uptake of around one quarter of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Sabine et al., 2004). Initially this was thought to be having little or no impact on ocean chemistry due to the capacity of the ocean’s carbonate buffering system to neutralise the acidity caused when CO2 dissolves in seawater. However, this assumption was challenged by Caldeira and Wickett (2005) who used model predictions

to show that the rate at which carbonate buffering can act was far too slow to moderate significant changes to oceanic check details chemistry over the next few centuries. Their model predicted that since pre-industrial times, ocean surface water pH had fallen by 0.1 pH unit, indicating a 30% increase in

the concentration of H+ ions. Their model also showed that the pH of surface Thalidomide waters could fall by up to 0.4 units before 2100, driven by continued and unabated utilisation of fossil fuels. Alongside increasing levels of dissolved CO2 and H+ (reduced pH) an increase in bicarbonate ions together with a decrease in carbonate ions occurs. These chemical changes are now collectively recognised as “ocean acidification”. Concern now stems from the knowledge that concentrations of H+, CO2, bicarbonate and carbonate ions impact upon many important physiological processes vital to maintaining health and function in marine organisms. Additionally, species have evolved under conditions where the carbonate system has remained relatively stable for millions of years, rendering them with potentially reduced capacity to adapt to this rapid change. Evidence suggests that, whilst the impact of ocean acidification is complex, when considered alongside ocean warming the net effect on the health and productivity of the oceans will be detrimental.

Two SiCKX genes, including SiCKX1 and SiCKX10, were examined in all eight tissues. EST numbers of SiCKX9 were the lowest, up to 4 ( Table 3). The above results suggest that some as yet unidentified tissue-specific factors may affect the expression of CKX genes. Real-time PCR analysis in this work showed that all 11 SiCKX genes were significantly induced by exogenous 6-BA in germinating embryos ( Fig. 6). This is consistent with other reports

of applying exogenous CKs or 6-BA resulting in enhancement of CKX expression levels [31] and [57]. In Fig. 4, four protein pairs (SiCKX1 and SiCKX3, SiCKX5 and SiCKX8, SiCKX2 and SiCKX4, and SiCKX10 and SiCKX11) formed distinct subgroups in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that each protein pair may share the same biological function. However, only mTOR cancer four genes (SiCKX1, SiCKX3, SiCKX5, and SiCKX8) were obviously induced under salt and 20% PEG-6000 stresses. This finding indicates that SiCKX genes may have distinct and partially overlapping expression patterns related to their diverse roles. Further selleck work is required in order to illuminate the detailed functions of each CKX gene in abiotic stress. In summary, 11 foxtail millet CKX genes were identified in whole genome analysis. The results of SiCKX gene chromosomal location, expansion pattern, motif

distribution, evolutionary relationship, cis-element analysis in promoter regions, and expression profiles under various abiotic treatments provided useful information for CKX research in foxtail millet and other plants. This study was supported by the project of the Modern Seed Industry Enterprise Science and Technology Development of PAK6 Shandong Province, China (SDKJ2012QF003). “
“Transcription factors, which exist in all living organisms, are essential for the regulation of gene expression. WRKY transcription factors, a family of regulatory genes, were first identified in plants [1], [2] and [3]. In WRKY family proteins, a 60 amino acid region is highly conserved among family members. It includes the conserved WRKYGQK

sequence followed by one of the two types of zinc finger motifs, the C2H2 and C2–HC types [4]. All known WRKY proteins can be divided into three groups (group I, II, and III) based on the number of WRKY domains and the types of zinc finger motif. Two WRKY domains can be found in group I proteins, whereas a single domain is present in group II and group III proteins. Generally, group I and group II proteins share the same C2H2-type zinc finger motif (C–X4–5–C–X22–23–H–X1–H). In group III, WRKY domains contain a C2–HC-type motif (C–X7–C–X23–H–X1–C) [4]. Group II is further classified into several subgroups based on their phylogenetic clades [4], [5] and [6]. In plants, WRKY proteins form a large family of transcription factors and are known to function in response to various physiological processes.

Louis, MO, USA). Secondary antibodies (α-mouse

IgG and α-rabbit IgG) conjugated to peroxidase were obtained commercially from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany). Adult honey bees (workers, drones, and queens) were collected from an A. mellifera colony (Africanized hybrids) at the experimental garden of the Federal University of Uberlandia (Uberlândia, MG, Brazil). To distinguish between nurse and forager worker honey bees, physical features, i.e., coat condition and damage to wings were considered, as well as the development of the hypopharyngeal gland observed at the time of brain dissections. Pre-pupal honey bee larvaes were collected from A. mellifera colonies (Africanized hybrids) and maintained at the experimental apiary of the University of São Paulo (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil). Rabbits and rats used in the assay described in Fig. 1 were provided PD0332991 mouse by the University’s Animal Facility and were used under the supervision of the Animal Experiments Review Board at our University. Honey bees were anesthetized on ice and dissected. Larval ganglia and adult brains were removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored in microtubes at −80 °C. The tissue samples (1 worker/queen or ∼30 worker/drone bee brains, or 2 rabbit/rat GDC-0973 in vitro brains) were homogenized with a hand blender in cold homogenization buffer (40 mM Hepes, pH 7.7, 10 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, 5 mM ATP, 2 mM

DTT, 1 mM benzamidine, 0.1 mM aprotinin and 0.5 mM PMSF). Supernatants were obtained by centrifugation at 40,000g for

40 min at 4 °C. When necessary, protein extracts were concentrated by precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid for 15 min on ice, which was followed by centrifugation at 12,000g for 10 min at 4 °C. The precipitates were then solubilized in a small volume of SDS–PAGE sample buffer (100 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.0, and 25% glycerol). The optical and antennal lobes, mushroom bodies and central region from thirty honey bee brains were dissected, homogenized and centrifuged as described above. Total protein concentrations ( Bradford, 1976) were determined to allow comparison SDS–PAGE and Western blot analyses, as described below. Total protein samples (20 μg) were applied to 5–22% polyacrylamide gradient gels under denaturing conditions (Laemmli and Favre, 1973). next The molecular weight markers were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and the gels were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. For immunoblotting, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes in Tris–glycine buffer as described by (Towbin et al., 1979). The blots were incubated with 5% dried milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS-T) (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) and probed with primary antibodies diluted to 0.2 μg/mL in TBS-T and a peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody.

5 m/s) and slower-walking (<0.5 m/s) subcohort; the latter also included habitually nonwalking participants. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in meters). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognition on a scale of 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function.22 Dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs) was assessed using the Barthel ADL Index on a scale of 0 to 20, with a score of 20 indicating total independence

in personal ADLs.23 Information on participants’ medical history and drug prescriptions was collected during interviews and verified using medical records. Diagnoses of dementia, depression, and angina pectoris were based on previous diagnoses and current drug prescription. SCH772984 order Assessment scores also were applied to diagnose dementia and depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition, criteria. 24 A specialist in geriatric medicine reviewed and confirmed all diagnoses. A covariate of all BP-lowering drugs was defined to include prescriptions

of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers (excluding eye drops), calcium channel blockers, diuretics (except in patients see more with concurrent heart failure), and other BP-lowering drugs, irrespective of indication. Differences in 5-year mortality and gait speed subcohorts according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using Student t-test and Pearson χ2 test. Differences in 5-year mortality according

to age (85, 90, and ≥95 years) and gait speed groups (slower- and faster-walking, habitually nonwalking, and excluded nonwalking) were examined using the Pearson χ2 test. Differences in mean gait speed, systolic BP, and diastolic BP according to age and gait speed groups were assessed using 1-way analyses of variance. Correlations were tested between all baseline covariates, and the ADL score covariate was removed from the analyses due to strong ADAMTS5 (r > 0.6) correlations with the care facility residency, MMSE score, diagnosis of dementia, and gait speed covariates. The diagnosis of dementia covariate was removed due to strong correlation with MMSE score. The antidepressant prescription covariate was removed to reduce the risk of an overlapping effect with the diagnosis of depression covariate. Associations between all-cause mortality and categorized systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. In the total sample, model 1 was adjusted for age and sex, and model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and all baseline variables from Table 1 associated with mortality at a significance level of P ≤ .15 in univariate analyses. Proportionality of hazards was tested using Schoenfeld residuals.

Surface differences (Fig. 8 bottom left) are generally stronger than between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio (compare Fig. 4 left). The root mean squared difference between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO in terms of global SST amounts 0.33 °C, which is about three times stronger than between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio. This suggests that changes in dynamical parameterizations have together a stronger effect than the one of interactive biology in the surface layers. Note however that the latter changes the mean state, as seen above, on which the dynamical parameterizations

act. It is thus difficult to separate both effects. Furthermore, over the upper 300 m, the root mean Akt inhibitor square error between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO falls down to 0.15 °C, as compared to 0.23 °C between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio. This

suggests that the interactive biogeochemical module has a major effect on the upper ocean three-dimensional temperature distribution of the IPSL model. More precisely, the root mean square difference between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio is maximum when the temperature is averaged over the upper 300 m (0.23 °C), suggesting that the main effect of interactive biogeochemistry occurs around 300 m depth. Ocean mean state resulting from CM5_piStart configuration is colder than that of CM5_RETRO at the surface of tropical and subtropical domains (Fig. 8 bottom left). At Verteporfin mid-latitudes, on the other hand, CM5_piStart configuration leads to a generally warmer oceanic mean state in surface. Below the first layer, oceanic mean state produced by CM5_piStart configuration is colder down to more than 1000 m

compared to CM5_RETRO (Fig. 9 bottom left panel). Consistent findings were found in forced models (compared F3 and F5_CMIP5 Fig. 2, right panel), yet reaching slightly shallower depths, and with a more intense cooling in the tropics due to the implementation of the RGB penetration scheme. This scheme is present in both CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO configurations, so that its effect is not visible here in coupled mode (see Lengaigne et al., 2006 for more details). The subsurface temperature differences between Osimertinib research buy CM5_RETRO and CM5_piStart configurations are largely attributable to the interactive chlorophyll module, as described in Section 4. We focus now on regional differences between the two simulations. In the North Atlantic, SST differences between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO are closely associated to SSS differences (Fig. 8 bottom right). This suggests a role of the oceanic circulation, bringing more warm and salty waters northward in CM5_piStart. Nevertheless, as described e.g. by Mikolajewicz and Voss (2000), a change of stratification due to the shortwave radiation effect on temperature would modify the mixing and thus also possibly the salinity.

Half of the patients had T2 and half had Gleason 7 prostate cancer. They administered HDR in a single implant over 2 days in three fractions; four different dose schedules were evaluated (10, 10.5, 11, or 11.5 Gy). The 3- and 5-year Cobimetinib cell line biochemical control rates (nadir + 2) were 88% and 85%. There were no differences in toxicity between doses. Acute rectal toxicity was nearly all Grade 1 and acute Grade 3 urinary toxicity occurred in only 1 patient. Chronic Grade 3

urinary toxicity was <10% and no Grade 4 toxicities were recorded. The group from Offenbach Germany, lead by Zamboglou and Baltas, obtained excellent results in 718 patients using intraoperative TRUS treatment planning. The dose and fractionation schedule evolved over time (51). Protocol A (9.5 Gy × 4 in one implant), protocol B (9.5 Gy × 4

in two implants), and finally the current protocol C (11.5 Gy × 3 in three implants). The authors progressively included higher risk group cases so that for protocol C 57% of cases were intermediate- or high-risk compared with 27% in protocol A and 44% in protocol B. The median followup by protocol was 7.7 years for 141 patients (protocol A), 4.9 years for 351 patients (protocol B), and 2.1 years NLG919 ic50 for 226 patients (protocol C). The 3-year biochemical control for all patients was 95% and distant metastasis–free survival was 98%. The 5-year results were available for protocols A and B (9.5 Gy × 4). Biochemical control was 97% and 94%. There were no significant differences correlated with T score, PSA, Gleason Fluorometholone Acetate score, or risk group. Late Grade 3 GU and GI toxicities were 3.5% and 1.6%. Urinary strictures that required urethrotomy (Grade 3 GU toxicity) occurred in 1.8% and 2 patients required urinary diversion to manage urinary incontinence (Grade 4 GU toxicity). Although the followup is significantly less in protocol C, there were no apparent differences in tumor control or morbidity between

the three protocols. Ghilezan et al. (52) reported on an ultra-hypofractionated HDR monotherapy trial for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer that accrued 100 patients. The total dose was 24 Gy for the first 50 patients (one implant, two fractions, and 6 h interfraction interval) and 27 Gy in the next 50 patients. The median followup was 17 months. There were no differences in acute or chronic toxicities between the two doses. The maximum chronic GU and GI toxicities Grade 2 or higher were ≤5% with the exception of urinary frequency/urgency, which was 16%. These symptoms resolved by 6 months in most cases (0% for the 24 Gy and 4.8% for the 27 Gy). The program was changed to two implants 2–3 weeks apart to increase the time for normal tissue repair and to shorten the time of the procedure per day by removing the same day waiting between fractions.

32 The sum score ranges between 0 (no confidence) and 100 (completely confident). The MS Impact Scale was filled in at study start to describe the disease impact on daily functioning.51 It is

a 29-item self-report measure, with 20 items associated with a physical scale and 9 items with a psychological scale. Each item is scored on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). A score (0–100) is calculated for each subscale (sum score − 20)/80 × 100 and (sum score − 9)/36 × 100). High scores indicate greater impact. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic data. The McNemar test was used to assess differences in proportions of fallers, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank Bortezomib mouse test was used for differences in number of falls for the respective periods. The Friedman test was used to assess differences between test occasions where the data were ordinal or deviated from a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), or both. Where significant differences were detected, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect where the differences occurred. A Bonferroni adjustment was then calculated using the significance level (.05) divided by the number of tests run (15), which equals .0033. If the P values were larger than .0033, the results were considered not statistically significant. For normally distributed data, 1-way

buy Sirolimus repeated-measures analysis of variance with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used

to calculate overall differences between related means, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Version 17.0 of the SPSS software package a was used for the statistical analyses. Thirty-two participants (26 women) with a mean age±SD of 56±11.3 years completed the intervention and had complete fall diaries, and 29 of them also attended all test occasions (see fig 1). Eleven participants had relapsing-remitting MS; 16, secondary progressive MS; and 5, primary progressive MS. The mean duration±SD since MS diagnosis was 15.6±12.2 years. Six participants used a walking aid indoors and 21, outdoors. The physiological impact of MS was mild (MS Impact Scale [mean±SD], 45.3±18.5; range, 7.5–75), as was the psychological impact (MS Impact Scale [mean±SD], 37.1±22.9; range, 0–88.9).52 The median intervention attendance rate was 12 of 14 sessions 4��8C (25%–75% interquartile range, 9.2–13). Five persons never attended the exercise group, and 2 persons attended only once; all 7 were excluded. Reasons for dropout were lack of time (n=4) and illness (n=3). Before the intervention, 53% of those with complete falls data were classified as fallers, and 44% of the total sample were classified as multiple fallers (78% of the fallers). A reduction of falls was reported between the preintervention period (A) and both periods B and C (table 1). The number of falls reported during period C was 123 less than that during period A.