Surface differences (Fig. 8 bottom left) are generally stronger than between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio (compare Fig. 4 left). The root mean squared difference between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO in terms of global SST amounts 0.33 °C, which is about three times stronger than between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio. This suggests that changes in dynamical parameterizations have together a stronger effect than the one of interactive biology in the surface layers. Note however that the latter changes the mean state, as seen above, on which the dynamical parameterizations

act. It is thus difficult to separate both effects. Furthermore, over the upper 300 m, the root mean Akt inhibitor square error between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO falls down to 0.15 °C, as compared to 0.23 °C between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio. This

suggests that the interactive biogeochemical module has a major effect on the upper ocean three-dimensional temperature distribution of the IPSL model. More precisely, the root mean square difference between CM5_piCtrl and CM5_piCtrl_noBio is maximum when the temperature is averaged over the upper 300 m (0.23 °C), suggesting that the main effect of interactive biogeochemistry occurs around 300 m depth. Ocean mean state resulting from CM5_piStart configuration is colder than that of CM5_RETRO at the surface of tropical and subtropical domains (Fig. 8 bottom left). At Verteporfin mid-latitudes, on the other hand, CM5_piStart configuration leads to a generally warmer oceanic mean state in surface. Below the first layer, oceanic mean state produced by CM5_piStart configuration is colder down to more than 1000 m

compared to CM5_RETRO (Fig. 9 bottom left panel). Consistent findings were found in forced models (compared F3 and F5_CMIP5 Fig. 2, right panel), yet reaching slightly shallower depths, and with a more intense cooling in the tropics due to the implementation of the RGB penetration scheme. This scheme is present in both CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO configurations, so that its effect is not visible here in coupled mode (see Lengaigne et al., 2006 for more details). The subsurface temperature differences between Osimertinib research buy CM5_RETRO and CM5_piStart configurations are largely attributable to the interactive chlorophyll module, as described in Section 4. We focus now on regional differences between the two simulations. In the North Atlantic, SST differences between CM5_piStart and CM5_RETRO are closely associated to SSS differences (Fig. 8 bottom right). This suggests a role of the oceanic circulation, bringing more warm and salty waters northward in CM5_piStart. Nevertheless, as described e.g. by Mikolajewicz and Voss (2000), a change of stratification due to the shortwave radiation effect on temperature would modify the mixing and thus also possibly the salinity.