Further studies are needed to disclose the detailed mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis related to 8q24 and diabetes mellitus via diminished expression of IGF2R. We thank Ms. T. Shimooka, Ms. K. Ogata, Ms. M. Kasagi, Ms. Y. Nakagawa, and Ms. T. Kawano for their

technical assistance. This work was supported in part by the following grants and foundations: CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, grant numbers 20390360, 20591547, 20790960, 21591644, 21791295, 21791297, 215921014, and 21679006; the Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (LS094); and NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

Organization) Technological Development for Chromosome Analysis. No potential conflict of interest has been declared by the authors. “
“It has been well established selleck chemicals llc that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most vascular solid tumors, and that angiogenesis plays an important role in both growth and metastasis. It follows AZD3965 in vivo that angiogenesis could provide a potentially potent therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC. The role of angiogenesis in tumors was first shown over half a century ago.1 Since then, tumor angiogenesis has been intensively studied, and it has become accepted as an important prerequisite for tumor formation in solid malignancies. The growth of a tumor mass requires a sound network of blood vessels that provide oxygen and metabolites, and the angiogenic response

will parallel such growth. Several growth factors are involved in angiogenesis. They include vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), angiopoietins, epidermal growth factor learn more (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Such peptides are released by the neoplastic, hematopoietic, stromal and the endothelial cells. The final status of cancer angiogenesis is determined by the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. When the effects of the pro-angiogenic factors are balanced by those of the anti-angiogenic factors, angiogenesis will be switched off, a relative abundance of pro-angiogenic factors will tip the balance in favor of angiogenesis.2,3 Given the characteristically abundant vascularity and production of pro-angiogenic growth factors in HCC, targeting the tumor vasculature is a particularly promising strategy for this most common and highly fatal cancer. Our increased understanding of the balance between angiogenesis and mechanisms of vascular control has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents that influence the process in different ways. For example, work accomplished over the past decade has elucidated the essential role of VEGF in the regulation of biological and pathological angiogenesis.

[27] found that resistance exercise activity, PF-01367338 ic50 at least once a week, was associated with a lower proportion of subjects with NAFLD, independently of BMI, nutritional factors, insulin resistance, and some circulating adipokines, such as adiponectin and resistin. The underlying mechanisms by which exercise, particularly resistance training, may reduce hepatic fat content are not entirely understood. They probably include changes in energy balance, circulatory lipids, fat

oxidation, and insulin sensitivity.[24] In our study, we were careful to avoid a hypocaloric diet or dietary changes during the exercise intervention. Thus, the mild weight loss we observed in both groups is attributable to the effects of exercise and is actually a proof of patients’ compliance with GDC-0068 nmr the training protocol. Although transferring the results

of randomized clinical trials, like ours, to “real-world” settings is not always easy, we believe that our data are clinically important, as they support a beneficial effect of exercise per se for the treatment of NAFLD in type 2 diabetic patients, which can be an adjunct to caloric restriction. Moreover, the finding that resistance exercise is as effective as aerobic exercise in improving hepatic steatosis provides a useful alternative in patients in whom aerobic training may not be accessible, as the high cardiorespiratory demand characteristic of this type of exercise is associated with fatigue and discomfort. Another interesting and selleck chemical novel finding of our study is the close association between changes in hepatic fat content and changes in SSAT and DSAT. In multivariate regression analysis, the absolute reduction in hepatic fat content was best predicted by baseline hepatic fat content and changes in SSAT and DSAT. Whereas the relation between baseline hepatic fat content and its change after exercise intervention could be an expected finding, the independent and opposite associations between the absolute reduction in hepatic fat content and changes in SSAT and DSAT are intriguing. Evidence

indicates that these two subcutaneous fat depots differ in terms of structure and pathophysiology.[28] Interestingly, whereas VAT and DSAT correlate negatively with whole-body insulin sensitivity, SSAT does not.[29] Moreover, SSAT correlates with a more favorable cardiometabolic risk profile in type 2 diabetic patients, whereas DSAT behaves as a VAT depot.[30] Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that higher energy storage in SSAT might exert protective effects by decreasing fat deposition in the liver as well as in other ectopic fat depots. Our data further support this hypothesis, showing that the lower the reduction in SSAT following exercise-induced energy burning, the higher the reduction in hepatic fat content.

The older group, 12 to 17 years of age, consisted of 86 females and 54 males. A positive family history for headache, of which migraine was most prevalent, was present in 78% of the patients. A majority of the patients experienced nausea (71.7%) during migraine attacks, and approximately half (49.3%) also vomited. Photophobia and phonophobia during a migraine attack were reported in respectively 66.8% and 58.7% of the patients. Migraine without aura (57.0%) was most frequently diagnosed. Additional primary and secondary headaches according Poziotinib purchase to the ICHD-II criteria were reported in 26 patients, medication

overuse headache being most frequently reported (6.3%). The pharmacological treatment of the patients with migraine before referral is presented in Table 2. FDA-approved Drug Library Some patients used both medication listed and medication not listed in the DCPG guideline. Acetaminophen was most frequently used. Before referral, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used in 8 patients (9.6%) in the younger group and in 45 patients (32.1%) in the older group. A total of 24 patients (10.7%) used a triptan, 2 patients in the younger group, and 22 in the older group. Only 7 of the younger patients and 15 of the older group of patients had used an antiemetic before referral. Prophylactic treatment had been provided

to 7.2% of the patients in the younger group and 14.3% of the patients in the older group. Propranolol was the only prophylactic drug prescribed in the younger group of patients, while in the older group other prophylactic drugs had been prescribed as well. A total of 92 patients (41.3%) used medication not listed in the DCPG guideline prior to referral of which 73 patients (52.1%) of the older group. Furthermore, 25 of these

92 patients were using more than 1 type learn more of medication not listed in the DCPG guideline. Table 3 demonstrates the patient characteristics of those who received treatment according to the DCGP guideline and those who used medication not listed in the DCGP guideline. The migraine characteristics according to the ICHD-II criteria were not associated with medication prescription by GPs. However, other factors were significant different between listed and not-listed medication users. In the younger group, the patients using medication not listed in the DCGP guideline were older than patients using only listed medication (P < .05). In the older group, patients using medication not listed in the DCGP guideline reported a longer history of migraine (P < .01) or were having longer lasting migraine attacks (P < .01). This retrospective study reports on the pharmacological treatment of children, patients younger than 18 years of age, with migraine by GPs before referral to the hospital. We compared the medication use of these children with the advice as provided by the DCGP guideline.

This theoretical background see more is subsequently used to explain why current interventions for hepatic I/R injury have not been very successful. Moreover, novel therapeutic modalities are addressed, including MitoSNO and nilotinib, and metalloporphyrins

on the basis of the updated paradigm of hepatic I/R injury. Liver resection or transplantation often constitutes the only curative treatment option for patients who suffer from a hepatic malignancy or end-stage liver disease. Irrespective of the underlying disease, intraoperative cessation of hepatic blood supply (i.e. ischemia) is sometimes necessary during resection or is inherent to the transplantation procedure, and causes further impairment of organ function. Following resection or transplantation, ischemia is alleviated by the restoration of blood flow to the organ (i.e. reperfusion), which triggers a cascade of molecular events that entails oxidative stress, induction of an immune response, and inflammation.[1, 2] The damaging effects that result from these events, which are highlighted in this paper, are known as www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and collectively determine the postoperative outcome. The need for major liver surgery is likely to increase as the number of surgical patients in which a malignancy coexists with parenchymal liver disease is expected to rise.[3, 4] Given

that the severity of I/R injury correlates positively with the extent of preexisting liver disease, for example non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,[5] this trend will not only result in an increased number of hepatic resections, but also in an increased percentage of high-risk procedures. The same applies to liver transplantation, where the gap between organ supply and demand has been partially filled by the utilization of marginal (e.g. steatotic) grafts.[6] The use of suboptimal organs, however, remains associated

with dissatisfying outcomes, while the already insufficient donor pool suffers from a deteriorating quality of grafts.[7] As a result, hepatic I/R injury will most likely become even more prevalent, necessitating the development of effective treatment strategies. In spite of these cues, few options are currently available to check details prevent or treat hepatic I/R injury in patients. The modalities that have been clinically evaluated can roughly be divided into surgical and pharmacological interventions.[8] Surgical approaches have mainly focused on local and remote ischemic preconditioning and the fine-tuning of portal triad clamping regimens, which has yielded modest improvements at best.[9, 10] Pharmaceutical approaches have primarily addressed the use of antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E), vasodilators (e.g. prostaglandin E1), and volatile anesthetics (e.g. sevoflurane).

The rich resource of rodents in urban areas is likely to have encouraged the first cats into close association with humans, as discussed earlier. Rodents and birds (especially synanthropic species, e.g. sparrows, pigeons) are also a major food source for a number of other carnivore species, most notably coyotes, red foxes, stone martens and badgers. Rodents are present in 42% of Chicago coyote scats (Morey et al., 2007) and 26% of Zürich red fox stomachs (where

they make up 11% of total stomach content; Staurosporine clinical trial Contesse et al., 2004). Rodent remains are present in 14.3% of Tokyo Japanese badger scats in spring (Kaneko et al., 2006). Although they only make up 5% of stomach volume, bird prey were present in 24% of Zürich red fox stomachs (Contesse et al.,

2004). In California, bird remains are present in 70% of fox scats in built-up areas including extensive amounts of duck and passerine remains, with egg shell in 5% of scats (Lewis et al., 1993). 6.2% of badger samples collected in Bristol (Harris, 1984), but 29% of urban Tokyo Japanese badger scats (Kaneko et al., 2006) include bird remains during spring (when birds are breeding). In urban Luxembourg, stone martens prey principally on synanthropic birds and mammals www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html (Herr, 2008). Lanszki (2003) compared stone

marten scats from a small village and surrounding agricultural area in Hungary. Stone martens from both areas relied heavily on fruit (cultivated fruit for village animals, more wild fruit in rural animals), while village check details martens included a high proportion of birds (e.g. house sparrows) in their diet (20% for village compared with 11% for rural animals) but fewer mammals (13% for village compared with 35% for rural animals). Urban carnivores may also make use of domestic animals as prey. For example, three studies report that between 1 and 13% of the diet of urban coyotes is made up of cats (MacCracken, 1982; Quinn, 1997b; Morey et al., 2007). Urban areas may also provide food for scavenging in that the numbers of road kills around towns and cities is likely to be higher than it is for rural areas. For example, in a park surrounded by urbanization in Ohio, US, coyotes eat a primarily ‘natural’ diet of small to large mammals, but they also take advantage of the many white-tailed deer road-kill carcasses (Cepak, 2004), a resource that would normally be rare. Pets and livestock (including hens, cats, dogs, rabbits and cattle) make up 4.5% of the gut volume of Zürich red foxes (Contesse et al., 2004) and a small proportion of the diet of Californian red foxes (Lewis et al., 1993).

Fibrotic human liver slices remained viable for 24 hours and the gene expression of the fibrosis markers was stable up to 24 hours. As shown before, Imatinib inhibited in healthy and fibrotic rat PCLS the gene expression of Hsp47 (more than 50%) and Pcol1A1 (more than 80%), the protein expression of collagen I was inhibited by more than 40 %. In both healthy and fibrotic human PCLS imatinib did see more not have an effect on the gene expression

of fibrosis markers. In healthy human PCLS imatinib did not influence the protein expression of collagen I. In conclusion, clear species differences in the antifibrotic effect of imatinib were apparent. These results may explain why imatinib has not MLN8237 in vivo reached the market as effective antifibrotic

drug. PCLS from human (fibrotic) liver tissue are a promising tool to study the efficacy of antifibrotic compounds in the early and end stage of liver fibrosis and are useful to reveal species differences in antifibrotic efficacy. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Inge M. Westra, Dorenda Oosterhuis, Rick Mutsaers, Geny M. Groothuis, Peter Olinga Introduction. Determining the severity of liver fibrosis is important for care management in chronic liver diseases. Classical fibrosis stagings on biopsies are hampered by poor observer reproducibility. Our main aim was to develop a precise fibrosis classification based on automated morphometric diagnosis to avoid variability and increase diagnostic accuracy and precision compared to available fibrosis staging. Methods. 834 patients with chronic hepatitis C were included: 549 in the derivation population and 285 in the validation population. The pathological reference was Metavir fibrosis staging

by consensus between 2 experts. Automated morphometric analysis included the area of portoseptal fibrosis (Modern Pathology 2014) and 43 other descriptors providing scores for clinically significant fibrosis (CSF score by 5 descriptors) and cirrhosis (FM4 score by 6 descriptors). Different fibrosis classifications were derived from these scores according to published statistical merging. In the multicentric validation population, different Metavir stagings were available: check details initial local pathologists, 2 central experts and their consensus. Results. Accuracy (correctly classified patients) in the derivation population was: CSF classification (7 classes from CSF score): 94.2%; and FM4 classification (8 classes from FM4 score): 95.3%. The CSF/ FM4 classification was derived by combining the two previous classifications. We obtained 6 classes roughly reflecting the 5 Metavir stages with cirrhosis distinguished as early or definitive. CSF/FM4 classification combined the advantages of the individual classifications with an accuracy of 96.2%. The classification reproducibility was very high with intra-class correlation coefficient =0.988.

This suggests that bearded pigs may be prey species for clouded leopards and they are capable of altering their activity pattern in response to this risk. “
“Nuptial traits signalling individual

Ibrutinib research buy quality are common in numerous animal taxa, and play a significant role in sexual selection. Detecting female mate choice based on visual cues is notoriously hard in lizards. Previously, we found that female European green lizards (Lacerta viridis) preferred to associate with males with high ultraviolet (UV) throat reflectance. Here, we investigated if different components of nuptial throat colour of male European green lizards were correlated to other fitness-related traits, and thus could signal male quality. We found that (1) high UV chroma correlates positively with directional asymmetry and shows a negative trend with body condition; (2) blue chroma is not related to any individual traits; and (3) total throat brightness correlates positively with body size and relative head size, and negatively with ectoparasite load. Our results suggest that having high throat UV reflectance is costly for male European green lizards, so probably only high-quality individuals can afford it, while total brightness of the throat colour buy Small molecule library signals age, relative head size and health

status. Hence, throat colour in male European green lizards is a multiple honest signal. Information about individual quality provided by different signals varies in reliability, with the main attributes determining female preference being honesty and detectability (Schluter & Price, 1993). Considering that female mate choice can have negative effects selleck chemicals on the females’ reproductive success, female mate preference is expected to increase with increasing honesty of male traits (Iwasa & Pomiankowski, 1991; Schluter & Price, 1993). Conditional handicap models (Zahavi,

1977; Iwasa & Pomiankowski, 1991) predict that (1) the expression of selected male traits are to be related to male body condition; (2) the expression of these secondary sexual traits are to have a cost for the possessor; and (3) males of better body condition are to have lower cost of expression than those of worse condition. However, male quality can involve other aspects than body condition, as males can also assure access to high quality and/or quantity resources for the female by defending a good territory (Kotiaho, 2000). A number of traits can work as honest signals at the same time and act in multiple signalling systems, whereas receivers should take numerous attributes into account in order to estimate the signaller’s quality with high precision (Calsbeek & Sinervo, 2002; Candolin, 2003). Colour, morphological and chemosensory traits of lizards all play a role in mate choice and intrasexual competition, thus representing signals under sexual selection (Gvozdik & Van Damme 2003; Stapley & Keogh, 2006; Kopena et al., 2011).

One-step real time RT-PCR assay for SRBSDV genomic RNA was determined by using 10-fold serial dilutions of the RNA standards ranging from 5.0 × 1010 to 5.0 × 104 copies/reaction (Fig. 1a,b) to ascertain the detection limits of the one-step real time RT-PCR method and the linearity of the assay. Ct-values Topoisomerase inhibitor were measured and plotted against the known

copy numbers of the standard sample. The standard curve covered a linear range of seven orders of magnitude. The slope (−3.317) and the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.996) of the standard curve showed that this assay could be used to quantify target RNA in infected rice tissue. Following amplification, a melting curve analysis was performed to verify the correct product by its specific melting temperature. Melting curve with IQ 5 optical system software Version 2.0 showed that SRBSDV S9 gene specific amplicon melts at 78°C (77.5–78.5°C). The dissociation plots (Fig. 2) showing

the SRBSDV specific melting temperature (Tm = 78°C) revealed the one-step real time RT-PCR was specific for SRBSDV. The results of specificity further verify that the primers were absolutely specific for SRBSDV. The viral RNA standards (Fig. 3, lane 1) and total RNA extracted from rice leaf infected with SRBSDV see more (Fig. 3, lanes 2–9) could be easily detected and quantified. In contrast, the rice leaf tissue carrying RBSDV (Fig. 3, lanes

10–11) was not detectable. In order to evaluate the sensitivity between one-step real time RT-PCR assay and RT-PCR in SRBSDV detection, a series of 10-fold dilutions of standard ssRNA ranging from 6.4 × 1010 to 64 copies were tested using selleck chemical the two detection techniques. Positive one-step real time RT-PCR amplifications were observed up to dilutions of 64 copies (Fig. 4a), while in the RT-PCR, product amplification was seen up to dilutions of 6.4 × 103 copies, as indicated by the presence of 141 bp amplicon after agarose gel electrophoresis (Fig. 4b). The negative control did not show a consistent or detectable product yield by either assay. Comparing the results, the one-step real time RT-PCR assay was 100 times more sensitive than the RT-PCR for SRBSDV detection. The disease caused by SRBSDV has recently became one of the most damaging rice crop disease in Southern China and Vietnam and led to significant economic loss (Zhang et al. 2008; Zhou et al. 2008, 2012). Rice plants infected with SRBSDV show no symptoms in the latent period of infection and is difficult to diagnose at an early stage, but is very destructive at a late stage. Therefore, these diseases need to be monitored and diagnosed at their early stages for effective mitigation of loss and risk assessment of infected rice paddy field (Hoang et al. 2011; Zhou et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2013).

coronary disease; Table 4. Logistic Regression of Variables affecting the Framingham Risk Score among NAFLD patients RISK FACTOR ODDS RATIO P VALUE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL Upper limit Lower limit  1. Age 1.811 <0.001 1.378 2.381  2. Male Gender 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.121  3. BMI 1.165 0.217 0.915 1.483  4. Smoking history 0.0002 0.007 5.92 0.110  5. Presence of Hypertension 0.241 0.169 0.032 1.828  6. Presence of Diabetes 1.603 0.785 0.054 47.578  7. Cholesterol levels 17.593 <0.001 3.574 86.890 Rucaparib clinical trial  8. HDL <0.001 0.004 6.45 0.040  9. TG 0.363 0.077 0.118 1.117 10. FBS 1.063 <0.001 1.028 1.099 11. ALT 0.965 0.331 0.899 1.036 12. AST 1.038 0.594 0.903 1.194 13. ALP 1.004 0.861 0.957 1.054 14. TB 3.18

0.395 9.29 1.08 15. IB 2.03 0.383 4.14 9.92 16. OS 2.66 0.393 8.20 6.61 17. Heart rate recovery 1.065 0.245 0.958 1.183 18. METS achieves 1.132 0.609 0.705 1.818 19. BUA 0.735 0.451 0.330 1.636 20. Platelet

1.015 0.191 0.992 1.040 21. Albumin 1.160 0.387 0.828 1.626 Presenting Author: MADIHA ZAKI Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD SADIK Corresponding Author: MADIHA ZAKI Objective: The study aimed to assess the main features of hepatocellular carcinoma in relation to the presence or absence of Diabetes. Methods: METHODS: A total 371 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were enrolled in this prospective study from 2006 to 2010. They were divided into two groups; Group I = Diabetic and Group II = non- Diabetic. Clinical status, radiological Selleck BTK inhibitor imaging and laboratory findings were noted and compared accordingly. Results: RESULTS: We found that 90 (24.1%) of cases were diabetic (Group I) and 281(75.7%) were non-diabetic (Group II). Both groups were same in mean age, mean BMI, mean body weight, mean platelets counts, gender distribution, ethnicity and level of education. Both groups were statistically significantly different in cases of chronic hepatitis C (Group = I 76.7% and Group = II 75.1% p value = 0.006), post cirrhotic HCC (Group = I 93.3% and Group = II 94.7% p value = 0.05), mono centric and less than 5 cm HCC (Group learn more I = 27.8%

and Group II = 23.1% p value = 0.05), Multicentric HCC and one nodule more than 5 cm (group I = 15.6% and Group II = 20.6% p value 0.05) and mean OKUDA Score (Group I = 2.0 and Group II = 2.1 p value 0.01). The other characteristics which were not significantly different in both groups were portal vein thrombosis (Group I = 21.1% and Group II = 24.2% p value 0.5), severity of Childs Class B & C (Group I = 38.9% and Group II = 41.6% p value 0.42), mean level of alpha fetoprotein (Group I = 14030 IU/ml and Group II 13750 IU/ml p value 0.7) and presence of Ascites (Group I = 61.1% and Group II = 56.6% p value 0.4. Conclusion: CONCLUSION: HCC generally (94%) occurred in post cirrhotic liver in chronic hepatitis C infected patients. HCC nodules in both groups (1 = diabetic, 2 = non-diabetic) are usually less than 5 cm whether mono centric or multicentric. Patients with diabetes and HCC had higher OKUDA score at presentation.

Of detected differential genes, 12 genes participated in the pathway in cancer and 6 genes participated in the pathway in colorectal cancer. Key Word(s): 1. parvovirus

B19; 2. colorectal cancer; 3. microarray; 4. ns1; Presenting Author: Peptide 17 cell line AMAN KABEER Additional Authors: MAULIK SHAH Corresponding Author: AMAN KABEER Affiliations: braingear laboratories Objective: A specific SNP (rs12953717) in the SMAD7 gene has been associated with an increased predisposition for colorectal cancer. Our aim was to determine the allele frequency of rs12953717 and determine if the association with colorectal cancer risk was valid. Additionally, we hypothesized that low-cost rapid SNP genotyping methods would increase risk predisposition testing. Methods: Subsequently, we developed an Oligonucleotide Ligation Reaction for rs12953717 genotyping.

The OLA was performed by first PCR of a 346 bp fragment of the SMAD7 gene containing rs12953717. Next, a 3′ common primer was designed as well BMS-354825 cell line as detector primers complementary to the SMAD7 gene but varying by the SNP. Ligation occurs only if the correct genotype is present. The common primer is biotinylated, allowing for attachment to streptavidin plates and measurement of fluorescence. Results: 24 patients consented to participate in our study. 6 patients were genotyped by the OLA assay. The quality of DNA was appropriate for downstream analysis by 260/280 ratio which approximated 1.7. Confirmation of the OLA assay was performed by sequence analysis of the SMAD7 fragment from all patients. The frequency of the heterozygote CT was found to be 50% in Colorectal Cancer patients, the frequency of the homozygous CC was 16.67% in Colorectal Cancer patients,

and the frequency of the homozygous TT was 33.3% in Colorectal Cancer patients. Conclusion: The results of this experiment indicate that an Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay is an effective method of Gene Sequencing. Furthermore, out of the 6 patients genotyped by the Oligonucleotide check details Ligation Assay, 50% of the patients were heterozygous at the SNP rs12953717, demonstrating that having equal or near equal distribution of both C and T at rs12953717 may correlate to higher risk of Colorectal Cancer. This method is valuable for 3 rd world countries where cost and availability of gene sequencing is often a limiting factor. Key Word(s): 1. OLA; 2. Colorectal Cancer; 3. SNP; Presenting Author: CHANGSHU KE Additional Authors: MENG YAN, SANPENG XU, SHENG ZHOU Corresponding Author: CHANGSHU KE Affiliations: Dept. of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Objective: A case of primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor (PHNET) was reported. Its clinical pathological features were analyzed and the literatures were reviewed. Methods: A 28-year-old female presented with abdominal uncomfortable symptoms for 2 weeks.