The inner membrane protein DsbD (Slamti & Waldor, 2009), part of an enzyme system involved in ensuring proper disulphide bond formation of secreted proteins (Kadokura & Beckwith, 2010), activates the Cpx system in Vibrio cholerae, suggesting that incorrect disulphide bond formation of proteins might act as a trigger of the Cpx-TCS (Slamti & Waldor, 2009).

Likewise, incorrect disulphide bond formation of a variant Dabrafenib order of the periplasmic LolA protein (I93C/F149C) might induce the Cpx-TCS in a similar way (Tao et al., 2010). However, LolA acts as a periplasmic chaperone for the lipid tail of outer membrane lipoproteins (Tokuda, 2009). For this process, a hydrophobic cavity of LolA is essential (Tokuda, 2009). Under oxidizing conditions, the hydrophobic Nutlin-3a molecular weight cavity of LolA (I93C/F149C) is closed owing to disulphide bond formation between the two introduced

cysteine residues (Watanabe et al., 2008). Consequently, outer membrane sorting of lipoproteins is defective for LolA (I93C/F149C; Watanabe et al., 2008) and might be the trigger for the Cpx-TCS (Tao et al., 2010). Outer membrane lipoproteins are a well-known stimulus for the Cpx system (Snyder et al., 1995; Miyadai et al., 2004; Fadl et al., 2006). NlpE induces the Cpx-TCS, resulting in additional expression of the periplasmic protease DegP (Snyder et al., 1995) and the periplasmic folding factors FkpA and of DsbA (Danese & Silhavy, 1997). Notably, overproduction of NlpE, referred as a specific Cpx stimulus, has been used to identify the Cpx-dependent expression

of proposed Decitabine in vitro regulon members (Vogt et al., 2010). Activation of the Cpx-TCS by NlpE depends on lipidation but is independent of anchoring either in the outer or the inner membrane (Miyadai et al., 2004). The structure of the soluble region of NlpE suggests that conformational changes in NlpE might result in direct interaction with CpxA (Hirano et al., 2007). However, although it is clear that NlpE activates the Cpx-TCS in an CpxP-independent manner (Buelow & Raivio, 2010), the mechanism of Cpx-TCS activation by NlpE with respect to the impact of NlpE in sensing surface attachment and copper is unknown. The Cpx-TCS has also been linked to the sensing of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs; Gerken et al., 2010). Assembly-defective OMP variants and a defective OMP assembly machinery (Bam-complex) induce the Cpx regulon (Gerken et al., 2010). However, CpxP appears not to be involved in the degradation of misfolded OMPs by DegP nor in the activation of the Cpx-TCS by misfolded OMPs (Gerken et al., 2010). The impact of the Cpx-TCS in sensing defects during the assembly of adhesive surface structures has been established for type IV bundle-forming pili (BFP) of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; Nevesinjac & Raivio, 2005), the curli fimbriae of E.

The National Community Pharmacists Association asserts that independent pharmacies encourage the training of pharmacy technicians, but believes that required standards need to be differentiated based on work area. It also desires to know the financial impact of such requirements and how the standards would be implemented for special situations (e.g. technicians employed AZD6244 part-time). If other organizations are unanimous in the move towards standardization and accreditation, the National Community Pharmacists Association states that it will fully support

and follow the decision accordingly.[20] Although chain pharmacies encourage the continuing education of their pharmacy technicians, the idea of setting mandatory standards has raised some concerns. Chain pharmacies suggest that their sector of the profession will be most affected by changes in requirements for training due to the substantial portion of pharmacy technicians working in this sector. There are concerns that current economic factors, combined with a training mandate, could add to their overhead costs, both through possible payment of registration or certification fees, and through selleck chemicals llc likely wage increases sought by technicians.[20] In addition, chains have questioned whether part-time technicians and/or technicians employed in

rural areas will have adequate access to training or certification programmes, and whether the added time and expense would have a negative impact on those part-time technicians. The National

Association of Chain Drug Stores has also stated that the education and training required of pharmacy technicians is not identical across all pharmacy settings. Therefore, the overall sentiment is that state boards of pharmacy should ultimately mandate any changes.[20] The ASHP strongly supports standards and accreditation of pharmacy technicians, and this is especially true today when there is more pressure to delegate tasks to technicians so that during pharmacists can spend more time with patients. The organization posits that the immense variability in the knowledge, skills and abilities of technicians impacts the pharmacist’s comfort level with delegating non-professional responsibilities. The ASHP contends that ‘The state-by-state haphazard approach to the education and training of technicians is impossible to justify to the public. The current situation puts pharmacy at serious risk for erosion of public confidence as consumers and health officials become more aware of gaps in the qualifications within the pharmacy technician workforce.’[20] Studies performed in hospitals have demonstrated that, with appropriate training and supervision, pharmacy technicians can have a positive impact on pharmacy workload, reducing medication errors and allowing the pharmacist more time to focus on clinical aspects of the job.

The analysis by semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC showed that the AJ band was composed of one compound (thiolutin); however, SGI-1776 the PS band contained eight compounds: iso-butyryl-pyrrothine, butanoyl-pyrrothine, senecioyl-pyrrothine, tigloyl-pyrrothine (Lamari et al., 2002a) and four induced unknown compounds. These last

four compounds were purified by HPLC, and all appear yellow and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The UV-visible spectra of each of the induced compounds showed three absorption maxima. Compound PR2 absorbed at 203, 304 and 395 nm, PR8 at 202, 270 and 413 nm, PR9 at 204, 303 and 402 nm and PR10 at 202, 304 and 398 nm. The molecular weights of PR2 and PR8 are m/z 254 and 280, respectively. PR9 and PR10 have the same molecular weight (m/z 282). Compounds PR2, PR8, PR9 and PR10 show common 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral features: two carbonyl groups (δc 167.0∼166.6 and δc 164.8∼163.8), two sp2-hybridized quaternary carbons (δc 137.4∼136.9 and δc 132.1∼131.6), Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library one olefinic group

(δH 6.71∼6.66 and δc 108.7∼108.3), one N-CH3 group (δH 3.36∼3.35 and δc 28.0∼27.4), and one NH group (δH 7.60∼7.43). These 1H and 13C signals are typical of dithiolopyrrolone derivatives. Compound PR2 showed two additional sp2 methines (δH 6.99 and 5.98 and δc 142.8 and 123.2) and one additional methyl group (δH 1.93 and δc 17.4). The 2D 1H–1H and 1H–13C experiments MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit made it possible to confirm the presence of a 2-butenamide side chain (Fig. 3). The E-geometry of the double bond was obtained on the basis of the coupling constant of H9–H10 (15.2 Hz). Compound PR8 showed four additional sp2 methines

(δH 7.30, 6.27, 6.26 and 5.92 and δc 143.2, 140.0, 129.3 and 119.3) and one additional methyl group (δH 1.90 and δc 18.4). The 2D 1H–1H and 1H–13C experiments clearly revealed that PR8 contained a 2,4-hexadienamide side chain (Fig. 3). The E,E-geometry of the double bond was deduced from the coupling constant of H9–H10 (15.0 Hz) and of H11–H12 (15.1 Hz, obtained from simulation). Compound PR9 showed two additional sp2 methines (δH 6.98 and 5.95 and δc 147.5 and 121.9), two additional sp3 methylenes (δH 2.25 and 1.54 and δc 34.1 and 13.4) and one additional methyl group (δH 0.98 and δc 13.4). The 2D 1H–1H and 1H–13C experiments established the presence of a 2-hexenamide side chain (Fig. 3). The E-geometry of the double bond was obtained on the basis of the coupling constant of H9–H10 (15.2 Hz). Compound PR10 showed one additional sp2 methine (δH 5.72 and δc 115.7), one sp3 methylene (δH 2.21 and δc 34.2) and two additional methyl groups (δH 2.24 and 1.12 and δc 19.1 and 12.1). The 2D 1H–1H and 1H–13C experiments made it possible to confirm the presence of 2-pentenamide, 3-methyl side chain (Fig.

In general, in the absence of previous resistance mutations, switching within class should result in maintaining virological suppression. Several RCTs have assessed switching between classes (PI to NNRTI and PI to INI) in patients who are virologically suppressed. A meta-analysis of six trials showed non-inferiority in maintenance of virological suppression when

switching from a PI (both ritonavir boosted and unboosted) to NVP compared with continuing the PI but was associated with more discontinuations due to liver toxicity [70]. Previous treatment failure on an NRTI-containing regimen has been associated with an increased selleck products risk of virological failure when switching from a PI to an NNRTI-based regimen [71]. A recent cohort analysis

showed similar rates of virological failure at 12 months in patients switching from a first-line PI/r to either EFV or NVP compared with continuing on the PI/r [72]. If switching to NVP, consideration should be given to selleck inhibitor the risk of hypersensitivity reactions and hepatotoxicity. Similar rates have been reported in virologically suppressed compared with ART-naïve patients stratified for CD4 cell count and gender [73, 74]. For patients without previous NRTI or NNRTI resistance mutations switching from a PI/r to any of the current licensed NNRTIs is likely to maintain virological efficacy and choice of NNRTI will depend on side effect profile, tolerability and patient preference. Switching from a PI/r to the INI, RAL, in virologically suppressed patients has been evaluated in three RCTs. Two studies have shown that previous history of NRTI resistance mutations increases the risk of subsequent virological failure on switching compared with continuing on a PI/r [75, 76]. This association CYTH4 was not seen in a third trial [77]. However, it is not surprising that switching from an ARV with a high genetic barrier to one with a low genetic barrier to resistance may potentially increase the risk of virological failure if the activity of the NRTI backbone has

been compromised by previous NRTI resistance. There are limited data on switching from an NNRTI to an alternative third agent in virologically suppressed patients; however, consideration must be given to previous treatment history and potential pharmacokinetic interactions. The latter is discussed in more detail in Section 6.2.4 (Switching therapy: pharmacological considerations). We recommend continuing standard combination ART as the maintenance strategy in virologically suppressed patients (1C). (There are insufficient data to recommend PI/r monotherapy in this clinical situation.) Number of patients on PI/r monotherapy as ART maintenance strategy in virologically suppressed patients and record of rationale. For the assessment and evaluation of evidence, GRADE tables were constructed (Appendix 3).

The participants had Finnish as their native language and were from families with two parents and one to three children. For 18 of the families, at least one parent had either a bachelor’s (or equivalent), master’s, or doctoral degree and for the majority of the families their monthly income was at or above the Finnish average level. The parents were asked about their child’s possible hearing difficulties and other illnesses. The parents also provided the child’s health summary, which contained information from the child’s regular visits to a nurse and/or medical doctor that had occurred at least three times per year. Except for allergies, atopic skin or asthma, the subjects had no illnesses and no reported hearing or other

medical problems. The children were born at full term, had

normal birth weights, and their weight and height had developed normally. All of the children also had some check details musical experience outside the home as they had all attended the same playschool involving musical activities. The playschool sessions took place on a weekly basis expect for the summer months and national holidays (max. approximately 30 sessions/year). In the playschool, the emphasis was on the enjoyment of playful musical group activities such as singing in group, rhyming, and moving with the music, etc. and not on a formal music-educational RNA Synthesis inhibitor program involving training on musical instruments. According to the parents, all the children had attended the playschool regularly and displayed great interest in the playschool activities. One of the parents always accompanied the children in the playschool. During the experiment, the children sat in a recliner chair either on a parent’s lap, or by themselves while the parent sat on a chair next

to them in an acoustically attenuated and electrically shielded room. The children and their parents were instructed to move as little as possible and to silently concentrate on a self-selected book and/or children’s DVD (with the volume turned off) during the experiment. Generally, the children were able to comply with these instructions well although all children talked and switched their position at least a few times during the recordings. The subjects were video-monitored throughout the 50 min experiment. The multi-feature paradigm (Näätänen et al., 2004; Putkinen et al., 2012) was used in the experiment. In the paradigm, deviant Pregnenolone tones (probability = 0.42) from five categories and novel sounds (probability = 0.08) alternated with standard tones (probability = 0.50). The order of the deviant tones and novel sounds was pseudo-random (with the restriction that two successive non-standard sounds were never from the same category). The stimulus sequence included 1875 standard tones, 1590 deviant tones, and 280 novel sounds. The sounds were presented with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 800 ms. The first six tones of the block were standard tones out of which the first five were excluded from the analysis.

, 2011), corroborating evidence from near-field electrophysiological studies (Langner & Schreiner, 1988). Given that the temporal features in the Natural Music condition were effectively removed in the Phase-Scrambled condition, reduced ISS in sub-cortical (and cortical) structures for the Natural Music > Phase-Scrambled comparison was probably due to the fact that sub-cortical temporal processing mechanisms (Baumann et al., 2011) were weakly synchronized by the Phase-Scrambled stimulus VEGFR inhibitor while both spectral and temporal processing mechanisms were

more strongly synchronized for the Natural Music condition. However, the interpretation for the Natural Music > Spectrally-Rotated result is different given that the Spectrally-Rotated condition contained the full complement of spectro-temporal features: the power spectrum was altered in this control condition but was not degraded or limited in any manner. Given the conservation of both temporal and spectral features in the Spectrally-Rotated condition, we hypothesize that the temporal structure of the Natural Music condition (Levitin & Menon, 2003, 2005)

was responsible for the elevated ISS results in both sub-cortical and cortical regions relative to the control conditions. These sub-cortical Celecoxib auditory structures have historically been considered passive relays of auditory information, and therefore it is surprising to find more find the strong enhancement in subcortical

ISS in the Natural Music condition relative to the Spectrally-Rotated control condition. If these sub-cortical structures serve as passive relays of auditory information, then ISS should have been comparable for all stimulus conditions. In contrast to this hypothesis, our results indicate that ISS in sub-cortical structures is driven by the musical nature of the stimulus and suggest that top-down, cortically mediated influences play an important role in synchronizing activity in auditory sub-cortical regions between subjects. This result is consistent with recent work showing that sub-cortical auditory structures are influenced by context (Chandrasekaran et al., 2009), learning (Chandrasekaran et al., 2012; Hornickel et al., 2012; Skoe & Kraus, 2012; Anderson et al., 2013) and memory (Tzounopoulos & Kraus, 2009). An important question for all sub-cortical and cortical ISS findings is which aspect(s) of musical structure are responsible for the current ISS findings. Plausible candidates include themes, cadences, chord functions, tones, accents and dynamics, tempo, and any number of combinations of these features.

The three most well-studied components of the nitrogen regulatory circuit that commonly impact fungal pathogenesis are the ammonium permeases (the nitrogen availability sensor candidate), ureases (a nitrogen-scavenging enzyme) and GATA transcription factors (global regulators of nitrogen catabolism). In certain species, the ammonium permease induces a morphological switch from yeast to invasive filamentous growth forms or infectious spores, while in others, urease is a bona fide virulence factor. In all species studied thus far, transcription of the ammonium permease and urease-encoding genes is modulated by GATA factors. Fungal pathogens

therefore integrate the expression of different virulence-associated UK-371804 price phenotypes into the regulatory network controlling nitrogen catabolism. “
“Bacteria have the exquisite ability to maintain a precise diameter, cell length, and shape. The dimensions of bacteria size and shape are a classical metric in the distinction of bacterial species. Much of what we know about

the particular morphology of any given species is the result of investigations of planktonic cultures. As we explore Vincristine price deeper into the natural habitats of bacteria, it is increasingly clear that bacteria can alter their morphology in response to the environment in which they reside. Specific morphologies are also becoming recognized as advantageous for survival in hostile environments. This is of particular importance in the context of both colonization and infection in the host. There are multiple examples of bacterial pathogens that use morphological changes as a mechanism for evasion of host immune responses and continued persistence. This review will focus on two systems where specific morphological changes are essential for persistence in animal models of human disease. We will also offer insight into the mechanism underlying the morphological changes and how these morphotypes aid in persistence. Additional examples of morphological changes associated with survival will be presented. “
“The Tat pathway is

a common protein translocation system that is found in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, as well as in the cyanobacterial and plant thylakoid membranes. It is unusual in that the Tat pathway transports below fully folded, often metal cofactor-containing proteins across these membranes. In bacteria, the Tat pathway plays an important role in the biosynthesis of noncytoplasmic metalloproteins. By compartmentalizing protein folding to the cytoplasm, the potentially aberrant binding of non-native metal ions to periplasmic proteins is avoided. To date, most of our understanding of Tat function has been obtained from studies using Escherichia coli as a model organism but cyanobacteria have an extra layer of complexity with proteins targeted to both the cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes. We examine our current understanding of the Tat pathway in cyanobacteria and its role in metalloprotein biosynthesis.

Synaptic blockers and BMI were kept in frozen aliquots at −20 °C and diluted to the appropriate final concentration immediately before use. Stock solutions of apamin (100 μm) were kept at 4 °C (extensive experience in our laboratory has shown that this is unproblematic when using supramaximal concentrations of the peptide), except for the concentration–response curves, in which case frozen aliquots of the appropriate stock solutions were used. Agatoxin IVA and ω-conotoxin GVIA were aliquoted and kept at −20 °C. Nifedipine was freshly prepared before each experiment; a stock solution was made in

DMSO and was protected from light. The final solution contained 0.1% DMSO. The sources of the compounds were as follows: selleck APV, CGP55845, MK801, CNQX, gabazine and mibefradil were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Apamin, 8-OH-DPAT, nifedipine, phenylephrine, TEA, DBHQ (2,5-di(tert-butyl)hydroquinone) and WAY100635 were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA), BMI from Fischer Scientific (Alost, Belgium),

ω-conotoxin GVIA from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland) and tamapin from Alamone (Jerusalem, Israel), while 3,5-dichloro-N-[1-(2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-fluoro-piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-benzamide (TTA-P2; a selective blocker of T-type channels; Dreyfus et al., 2010) was generously provided by Merck and Co., Inc. After patch-clamp recordings of presumed serotonergic Volasertib molecular weight neurons, slices were fixed and used for immunostaining using both streptavidin conjugated to FITC and an anti-TPH antibody to visualize biocytin and TPH, respectively (see ‘Materials and methods’ for details).

Of a total of 18 cells that were stained with biocytin and also exhibited a significant outward current which was blocked by SK blockers (see below), all did also stain positively with the anti-TPH antibody (Fig. 1). These histological controls demonstrate Sclareol that most of the neurons used in our patch-clamp experiments were indeed serotonergic. A total of 99 neurons were recorded in the whole-cell configuration. These neurons had a very low spontaneous firing rate (n = 27, firing rate < 2 Hz) or were quiescent (n = 62). Membrane potential was −52.9 ± 5.4 mV (n = 99; Fig. 2A). A linear relationship was apparent between the intensity of current injection and voltage deflection at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, with no significant time-dependent sag (Fig. 2A). The input resistance was 490 ± 126 MΩ (mean ± SEM; n = 87) and the membrane time constant (τ) was 58 ± 13 ms (n = 70). These values had a rather low variance and their distribution was Gaussian, suggesting that they were obtained from a homogenous neuronal population. These measurements were obtained in the absence of synaptic blockers, as can be seen from Fig. 2A; however, measurements made on five neurons showed that their input resistance and time constant values were not significantly affected by the presence of the blockers.

Non-intentional weight loss of >10% over six months. General physical decline. Serum albumin <25g/L. Dependence in most activities of daily living. This position statement does not cover the specific modalities of death that occur with an increased

frequency in those with diabetes because, by definition, they cannot be anticipated and therefore an EOLC strategy is not appropriate. However, knowledge of their existence may help those dealing with the bereaved in the aftermath of ABT 263 the death of a patient with diabetes. Both ‘Dead in Bed’ syndrome and sudden in-utero fetal death, although rare, are more common in people with diabetes; the exact aetiology in both cases has yet to be established. As the population of the UK ages and the incidence of diabetes rises, more individuals will be reaching the end of their life with co-existent diabetes. In the words of Prof J Saunders, diabetologist and ethicist: ‘Dying patients should receive care that offers comfort, dignity and freedom from distressing symptoms as far as these are possible.’ That includes those with diabetes for whom the aim should be to keep the blood glucose within

a range Z-VAD-FMK chemical structure which will avoid symptoms while reducing invasive tests, such as blood glucose monitoring, to a minimum. This position statement offers some guidance for the management of diabetes during the end stages of life and hopes to trigger discussion within the multidisciplinary diabetes teams relating to their role in EOLC. The MDT should engage with user groups and primary and secondary care colleagues to enhance the provision of end of life care for patients with diabetes for whom we are both carers and advocates. There are no conflicts of interest. Readers can go to the following websites and retrieve information on end of life care in diabetes: www.diabetes.org.uk. www.diabetes.nhs.uk/commissioning. End

of Life Care Strategy – promoting high quality care for all adults at the end of life. Department of Health, July 2008. Marks JB. Addressing end-of-life issues. Clin 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl Diabetes 2005; 23(3): 98–9. Vandenhaute V. Palliative care and type II diabetes: A need for new guidelines? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2010; 27(7): 444–5. Epub 2010 Apr 13. “
“We aimed to assess the utility and acceptability of outpatient glucose self-monitoring in an adult cystic fibrosis (CF) population. Adults with CF were asked to self-monitor their capillary glucose, three times per day for two weeks preceding their hospital outpatient appointment. The American Diabetes Association definition of dysglycaemia was used, defined by at least two elevated glucose recordings of fasting glucose ≥5.6mmol/L or post-prandial glucose ≥7.8mmol/L. From a CF population of 43 patients, 10 were excluded (mainly due to clinic in-attendance). Of the remaining 33 patients, 29 (88%) consented to perform glucose self-monitoring, and 22 patients (67% of eligible patients and 76% of those consenting to take part) provided glucose data.

Cells were grown as described above for 18 h, harvested by centrifugation, and washed twice by centrifugation

with sterile distilled water. Staurosporine in vivo DNA was isolated following the glass beads lysis protocol as described by Hoffman & Wriston (1987). Searches for homologs were performed using as query the whole sequence of the U. maydis chimeric gene (EMBL accession number FN178523; Valdés-Santiago et al., 2009) at the NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and The Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy (http://genome.jgi-psf.org), using blastn, blastp or tblastn programs (Altschul et al., 1990). Sequence alignments of putative chimeric Spe-Sdh gene fragments were performed using clustal w (Thompson et al., 1994). Degenerate primers were designed at the most highly conserved regions to the chimeric genes based on their alignment. The sequences of these primers are the following: forward

primer (F-CHIM) 5′-CA(G/A)GA(G/A)ATGAT(C/T)GC (T/C/G) CA (T/C)(C/T)T(C/T/G/A)CC-3′, and reverse primer (R-CHIM) 5′-(C/T)T(C/T/G/A)GG(C/G/A)T(A/C)(C/A)AA (G/A)TTCTC (G/C/A/T)TGGTC(G/C/T/A)(T/C/G)C-3′. A standard protocol was performed for PCR amplification: an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles with the following program: DNA denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min; primer annealing at 60 °C for 1 min, DNA extension at 72 °C for 2 min, with a final extension cycle at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR reaction products were separated by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose gels and stained with ethidium bromide. PCR products amplified with the degenerate primers described above were either cloned or not selleck chemicals llc cloned into a TOPO™4 vector (Invitrogen) and sequenced using an ABI PRISM Model 370 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Cloned fragments were sequenced

from the vector with the universal primers, whereas not cloned fragments were sequenced using the degenerate primers. During the search of homologs as described in Methods, we observed that only fungi belonging to Basidiomycota contained homologs of the Spd-Sdh chimeric gene. No homologs were detected, Protein tyrosine phosphatase not only in the rest of the fungal groups but also in any other living organism. Among the sequences identified, besides the U. maydis gene described previously (Valdés-Santiago et al., 2009), the ones that possessed NCBI accession numbers corresponded to the following species: Coprinus cinereus (EAU83678), Malassezia globosa (EDP44132), Laccaria bicolor (EDR1322), and Cryptococcus neoformans (EAL19736). Other species possess homolog genes encoding proteins with the identification number (protein ID) from the Joint Genome Institute: Heterobasidion annosum 7(34012), Tremella mesenterica (74272), Sporobolomyces roseus (23418), Pleurotus ostreatus (172366), Postia placenta (107976), Melampsora laricis populina (73077), and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (9263). The Puccinia graminis homolog corresponded to PGTG_06954 (Broad Institute).