Noteworthy, our experimental model needed i.p. injections of BSc2118 that might not induce satisfactory level of proteasome inhibition and had no effects on tumor growth. However, in this application design there was a tendency at the border of significance to reduce the number of metastases and De Novo arising blood vessels. It seems that BSc2118 retards tumor growth by means of 20S inhibition within tumor cells and additionally might reduce both

PD98059 metastasis and angiogenesis. In conclusion, we characterized a novel proteasome inhibitor that has a similar proteasome inhibition spectrum compared to bortezomib In Vitro and In Vivo, but has under the conditions tested less signs of toxicity. We hypothesize that BSc2118 is a therapeutic alternative to bortezomib in therapy of solid tumors, for which further studies will be needed. The following are the supplementary data related to this click here article. Supplementary Figure 1.   Inhibition of tissue-derived proteasomes In Vitro. 20S proteasomes were isolated from indicated mouse organs and incubated with indicated concentrations of BSc2118. A final concentration of 50 nM of BSc2118 is sufficient to reduce 40% to 50% of initial 20S activity. *Significantly different from controls (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.005). This work

was in part supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and higher Education (grant number: N405 007 31/0544 to IMB). We thank Dr. Anna Ratajska from the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, for assistance in preliminary experiments on BSc2118-FL stability in mice. “
“Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 is located on chromosome 11q13 and it encodes a zinc finger transcription factor [1]. The WT1 protein activates or represses the transcription of many target genes involved in the cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [2], [3] and [4]. WT1 was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene due to its inactivation

in Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma), the most common pediatric kidney tumor [5]. However, recent findings have shown that WT1 Megestrol Acetate acts as an oncogene in some cancers, including ovarian cancer [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. Previous studies have demonstrated that high expression levels of WT1 correlate with poor prognosis in leukemia [12] and breast cancer [13] and with more advanced tumor stages in testicular germ cell tumors [14] and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [15]. In ovarian cancer, WT1 is highly expressed in high-grade serous carcinoma, a more aggressive subtype [16]. Moreover, our unpublished data demonstrated that high levels of WT1 expression yielded tumors with more aggressive International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages, lymph node metastasis status, omentum metastasis status, and ascites production in ovarian cancers.

In order to evaluate the relevance of positive results ALK phosphorylation obtained in the 3T3-NRU-PT with

respect to bioavailability in human skin, the four formulations under study, containing or not vitamin A palmitate, as well as the combinations 2 and 4, containing avobenzone were submitted to the H3D-PT test. The results of the phototoxicity assay using the human skin model are given in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 as the mean% solvent control MTT conversion (n = 2) in the presence and absence of UV light. Untreated control tissues gave a mean OD value in the MTT assay of 1.983 without UV and there was no significant effect of solvent treatment (C12–15 alkyl benzoate (mean OD value 1.854) on MTT conversion. In addition, the UV exposure did not have any effect on MTT conversion indicating that the cultures were of satisfactory viability (85%). Bergamot oil was phototoxic only in the highest concentration tested (10% in C12–15 alkyl benzoate) as expected (Kejlová et al., 2007), with a reduction in MTT conversion in the presence

of UV to approximately 40% of that of control tissues. Fig. 2 shows that no Z-VAD-FMK order phototoxicity was detected with the application of the formulations 1, 2, 3 and 4, since none of the (+UVA) tissues revealed a decrease in viability exceeding 30% when compared with the (−UVA) tissues. The presence of vitamin A palmitate did not alter tissue viability. Fig. 3 shows that no phototoxicity was detected with the application of the combinations studied, since none of

the (+UVA) tissues revealed a decrease in viability exceeding 30% when compared with the (−UVA) tissues, except combination 2 in the highest concentration tested (10% in C12–15 alkyl benzoate), with a reduction in MTT conversion in the presence of UV to approximately 53% of the −UV tissues (Fig. 3A). There was a slight dose-related reduction in MTT conversion with the enhancement of concentrations of combination 2 tested. The enhancement of vitamin A palmitate concentration did learn more not reduce tissue viability (Fig. 3D) or protected the tissues from UVA-induced damage. Previous studies showed that bergamot oil from different companies was classified as phototoxic in the 3T3 NRU PT and presented borderline results in H3D PT, which was also dependent on the solvent used (Kand’árová, 2006 and Kejlová et al., 2007). Despite the higher permeability of Human 3-D Skin Model compared to human skin in vivo, these authors found a good correlation of the photopotency of bergamot oils diluted in sesame oil, when Human 3-D Skin Model and human in vivo photopatch tests result were compared; however they stated that the extrapolation of in vitro results to the human situation may be performed only to a limited extent.

This threshold value was selected so as to best capture the variability of drainage densities among

the studied catchments. Four variables representing mean drainage directions were calculated, namely South, Southwest, West and Northwest. A value of 1 (or 0) means that the catchment is draining toward the named direction (or opposite to the named direction). The geographic coordinates of the flow gauging stations (latitude and longitude) were selected as two additional candidate explanatory variables (Table 2). Two soil characteristics, likely to control Decitabine hydrological processes, were selected from the MRC soil database (MRC, 2011): soil depth and top soil texture. A four-unit scale suggested by MRC was used for

quantification (Table 1). Averaged values for each soil characteristics and each catchment were averaged by weighting each scale unit by the respective area covered in the catchment. Three land-cover types, likely to alter hydrology, were selected as candidate explanatory variables: forest, bunded rainfed lowland rice paddy fields, the majority of which is never irrigated, and wetlands, including marsh and swamp. The percentage of surface area covered by each land-cover type in each catchment was computed using the digitized 2003 land cover map of the Lower Mekong Basin prepared by MRC (2011). Forest cover was produced by merging four forest types available as separate land-cover classes in the published map: “coniferous forest”, “deciduous forest”, “evergreen forest” and “forest plantation”. The two other land-cover types were directly available since they RO4929097 order correspond to distinct land cover classes on the published map. Table 3 presents the results of the multiple regression analyses for the 14 flow metrics listed in column 1. Column 2 provides the value of the intercept term β0. Columns 3–11 provide the coefficients βt associated with each explanatory variable Xi included in the power-law models (cf. Eq. (1)). Units of the explanatory variables are indicated in Table 2. Values of the explanatory variable “Padd” and of the flow metrics 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90,

0.95 and Min ( Table 3) should be incremented by 1 for inclusion in Eq. (1) (cf. Section 2). As examples, Eqs. (6) and (7) show how to predict the 0.95 flow percentile (Q0.95) for and mean annual flow (Qmean) using the coefficients provided in Table 3. equation(6) Q0.95=exp−27.857×Rain2.698×Peri1.436×Elev0.966×Lati−1.291×(Padd+1)−0.285−1Q0.95=exp−27.857×Rain2.698×Peri1.436×Elev0.966×Lati−1.291×(Padd+1)−0.285−1 equation(7) Qmean=exp−18.989×Rain2.543×Area0.883×Drai1.089Qmean=exp−18.989×Rain2.543×Area0.883×Drai1.089 In order to make the power-law models usable by a broad range of users, Table 3 presents, for each of the 14 flow metrics, an equation including climatic, geomorphologic and/or geographic explanatory variables only, exclusive of other catchment characteristics.

The uncertainty ranges fit well with the expected quality characteristics reported in the literature. According to Gelsthorpe et al. (2000), determination of speeds in the range 4–24 m s−1 with an accuracy of 2 m s−1 (or 10%)

and directions with an accuracy of ±20 deg is required. These criteria are met in both comparisons up to the 18-hour forecast lengths. In the case of the 30-hour forecasts these criteria are exceeded only slightly for the wind speed, but not for the wind direction. According to Figa-Saldaña et al. (2002), the accuracy target for ASCAT winds generated by the OSI SAF is 2 m s−1 root mean square wind component error and 0.5 ms−1 bias for all speeds below 25 m s−1. The wind components of the HIRLAM and ASCAT presented in Table 2 show that the wind component statistics fit the required accuracy thresholds see more well. The RMS of wind components higher than 2 m s−1 is present only in the 30-hour forecasts. The bias of the components this website is lower than that required in all HIRLAM forecasts. In a comparison of the ASCAT and ECMWF analysis in northern cceanic

areas (30°N–60°N), Bentamy et al. (2008) determined standard deviations of 1.77 m s−1 for wind speed and 20 degrees for wind direction. According to Verhoef & Stoffelen (2010), the global

ASCAT-ECMWF standard deviation of difference for wind speed is 1.26 m s−1 and for wind direction is 15 degrees for the 25-km gridded product. The u wind component standard deviation of the ASCAT-ECMWF winds is 1.45 m s−1; the corresponding υ component is 1.63 m s−1. More recently and in line with these results, Hersbach & Janssen reported at the 2010 International Ocean Vector Winds Meeting (18–20 May 2010) a vector RMS difference of ~ 2.2 m s−1 in the Adenosine triphosphate Baltic (http://coaps.fsu.edu/scatterometry/meeting/docs/2010/_may/gridded/hersbach.pdf). HIRLAM wind speeds and directions show similar or slightly worse results over these ranges. Again, the HIRLAM model may contain smaller scales than ECMWF that are not well resolved by the physical parameterizations and the observing systems. Generally, 100-km scales evolve fast and need to be sampled densely in both time and space. To reduce the uncertainty in HIRLAM wind predictions, more observations over the Baltic may be necessary. The fact that the comparison of ASCAT and HIRLAM winds is generally in line with results from other similar studies confirms that the ASCAT 10-m winds are a reliable data source over the Baltic Sea, which is of great importance for marine and NWP communities operating in the region.

The response of the velocity profile (on the left panel) NSC 683864 solubility dmso to the down-estuary wind in the middle Bay shows that, for most of the time, it was landward with a vertical shear (an indication of a wind-straining regime), whereas in the lower and upper portions of the Bay, the velocity profile oscillates between seaward and landward directions without much of a vertical shear (an indication of the presence of a well-mixed regime). With the above analysis, it is natural to ask if one can describe the interaction between the straining and mixing to form a parameter to represent the wind-induced variations in stratification.

CS has defined the modified horizontal Richardson number, which is combined with the Wedderburn number (W), as: equation(9)

(Rix,CS)2=(H4Nx4/48KM)(1-W)Rf(u∗S3/khS+u∗B3/khB)where Nx   (≈gβΓ  ) is the horizontal buoyancy frequency, KM   is the effective vertical eddy viscosity ( Dyer, 1997), and u∗Su∗S and u∗Bu∗B are the root-mean-square values of friction velocities on the surface and bottom layers, respectively. The surface and bottom boundary layer thickness (hS   and hB  ) are estimated by an entrainment model ( Trowbridge, 1992 and Chant et al., 2007): equation(10) hS=2γRiC1/2u∗S2N∞Δt,hB=2γRiC1/2u∗B2N∞Δtwhere γ   is a constant (=1.22), Ric   is the critical gradient Richardson number (=0.25), Δt   is Fasudil a characteristic time scale chosen as 3 h, and N  ∞ represents background stratification. Following Ralston et al. (2008), KM   is assumed to scale as a  0CdUtℓ  , where a0 = 0.028 and ℓ   is a vertical mixing length scale. When the surface and bottom boundary layers merge (hS+hB⩾HhS+hB⩾H), ℓ scales with H. Otherwise, the average of hS and hB is used for ℓ (CS, 2009). For values of Rix,CS greater than a threshold value (of order 1), the water column should stratify, and for sub-critical values the water column should remain unstratified ( Stacey et al., 2001).

The modified horizontal Ri in Eq. (9) was calculated at selected stations Fenbendazole along the channel of the Bay during both hurricanes. The temporal variation of Rix,CS for three experiments is plotted in Fig. 20a. Without wind forcing, although Rix,CS showed the tidal variability, the minimum values of Rix,CS at the three locations were approximately 0.2, 1.0, and 0.3, respectively ( Fig. 20a). This indicates that tidally induced mixing dominates in the upper and lower Bay, whereas stratification is relatively significant in the mid Bay. In the case of Hurricane Floyd ( Fig. 20a(d)–(f)), Rix,CS decreased at all three locations. The value of Rix,CS dropped below 0.1 in the upper and lower Bay, and reached a value of 0.25 in the mid-Bay. Interestingly, the value of Rix,CS increased rapidly to greater than 1 in the upper and middle Bay regions. In the lower Bay, the value of Rix,CS persisted below 0.1 for one day and then increased until the end of the Floyd wind period.

This feature may be effective because it facilitates communication and overcomes some language, culture and literacy barriers due to its graphic nature [52]. As mentioned earlier, DSME interventions have proven to be generally effective; however, the proportion of intervention studies that report positive effects for HbA1c, anthropometrics, physical activity, and diet was less than one-third in our review. Perhaps the features used in these interventions are somewhat traditional that worked well in mainstream population, which may not benefit women from high-risk ethnic groups living with DM. For instance, check details intervention features that address broader community issues (e.g., cultural

group cohesion and social support) may be more beneficial on outcomes than the more traditional features (e.g., written educational resources, didactic teaching styles). Cultural appropriateness of an intervention is advanced when “surface structures” such as language tailoring FK228 ic50 of brochures

is supplemented with “deep structures” such as addressing cultural history, values, and norms [53]. Intervention data available for this review largely focuses on these aforementioned “surface structures” and only some data were available on “deep structure” features (i.e., individualized assessment, needs assessment, cultural tailoring). Future research needs to assess the effectiveness of both surface and deeper structures within DSME programming for women from high-risk ethnic groups living with DM. Research on gender differences within ethno-cultural populations is important given the potential impact of gender roles, cultural norms, beliefs and values on women and their health management. Levetiracetam We advocate that future program evaluations include a gender-based analysis, which will provide valuable information to better tailor and deliver services to a growing population of individuals at greater risk for diabetes and its complications. The heterogeneity

in study populations, interventions, and measurements of health outcomes limited our ability to conduct a meta-analysis. Thus our calculation is based on rate differences and not the effect size. The handful of studies (n = 13) that fit our criteria limited our ability to stratify our analysis by cultural group. Generally, searching for gender-specific information was challenging, as most DSME interventions are delivered and evaluated for both men and women without a gender-based analysis or stratification. We acknowledge that the populations we aggregated have different cultural values, beliefs, and experiences. However, these groups of women living with diabetes may have some parallel self-management experiences, given that they may share social similarities because of their gender and ethno-cultural experiences, which may influence the self-management processes.

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food production system for developing, low income and food deficit countries (LIFDCs), which boast the highest annual aquaculture growth rate (10% per year) since the 1970s, compared to the 3.7% per year rate for

developed countries [21] and [22]. There are marked geographical differences in aquaculture production, however, and PICTs have selleck chemical experienced significantly slower growth rates than most other areas [23], [24] and [25]. Sustainable aquaculture as a tool for development, incorporating environmental, economic, nutritional and social considerations, is increasingly considered to have great potential to help meet the global requirements of fish for the future, and contribute to future food and nutrition security [25], [26] and [27].

While improved management of coastal fisheries in the coral reef ecosystems of the Pacific is widely recognised as being essential to secure the benefits of capture fisheries [1], [4] and [28], it has also been recognised Trichostatin A nmr that increased production from aquaculture will be necessary to meet the fish food needs of the region in the future [1] and [28]. Demand for fish from aquaculture will increase as supplies from capture fisheries, particularly from inshore reefs, become increasingly unreliable, as seen, for example, in recent fish-supply demand scenarios in Solomon Islands [28]. Imbalances between supply and demand for fish in many PICTs are expected to be exacerbated by the external drivers, such Uroporphyrinogen III synthase as fuel prices and climate change, to which these nations are particularly vulnerable [29]. Solomon Islands is one of the PICTs where future shortfalls in food fish production are projected, with contributing factors including population growth and development, degrading coral reef fisheries, long travel times to and from fishing grounds and fishing access rights [1]. Recent calculations suggest coastal fisheries will not supply the fish required for future food security, with all projected shortfalls,

greater than 4000 t per annum by 2030 [1] and [28], raising critical questions about the future supplies of the most significant animal food source. The Solomon Islands Government, through the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR), is responding to predictions of shortfalls in fish to meet food security needs through three principal policy endeavours: (1) improved coastal resource management; (2) increased tuna allocation to the domestic market, and (3) development of aquaculture opportunities [30] and [31]. In 2009 and 2010, a study was undertaken by WorldFish, MFMR and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) to analyse the demand and potential for development of inland aquaculture in two provinces [32].

01 M, pH 6.01) at 70 °C for 10 min, followed by incubation in 0.075 g/ml trypsin (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, USA) in PBS at 37 °C for 5 min. Then, the sections were pre-incubated with 10% normal donkey serum (NDS) (Chemicon, Temecula, USA) in PBS-G. All antibodies and the Vectastain ABC Standard alkaline phosphatase mix (ABC-AP) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) were diluted in 2% NDS. To detect GFP, the sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with a polyclonal rabbit-anti-GFP antibody (1:300) (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). Subsequently, biotinylated

Small molecule library cost donkey-anti-rabbit (1:500) (Jackson Labs, West Grove, PA, USA) was added. Next, the sections were treated with ABC-AP, and washed with Tris–HCl (pH 8.2). Fast Blue substrate (Sigma Chemical CO, St Louis, MO, USA) was freshly prepared, and applied to the sections. The reaction was stopped in demineralized water (Milli-Q pore system, Millipore SA, Molsheim, France), and the sections were washed in PBS and pre-incubated again for double-staining with the following primary mouse monoclonal antibodies: (A) Anti αSMA (Sigma Chemical CO), 1:1600, 1 h at room temperature to detect myofibroblasts. Next goat-anti-mouse-AlexaFluor-594

Akt inhibitor (1:200, 1 h at room temperature) (Invitrogen/Molecular) was added. Finally, the sections were washed, and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (Roche Diagnostics Nederland BV, Almere, The Netherlands). A 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane solution (DABCO, Sigma Chemical CO) solution in Tris–buffered glycerin was used as anti-fading agent. Slides were stored in the dark at 4 °C. Photographs were taken on a Carl Zeiss Imager Z.1 system (Carl Zeiss Microimaging Gmbh, Jena, Germany). GFP photos were acquired under bright field conditions. The other sections were photographed with fluorescent settings. The GFP images were inverted and merged with the fluorescent images to reveal co-localization using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, Thalidomide USA). The fraction of GFP-positive mononuclear cells was determined in the blood of GFP-transgenic rats and recipient rats by flow cytometry. In three sections of each mucoperiosteal tissue sample, αSMA-positive cells

and nuclei were counted in the wound and control area within a frame with a width of 50 μm and a depth of 300 μm. GFP-positive and GFP/αSMA double-positive cells were counted in a larger area of 200 μm wide because they are less abundant. The epithelium was excluded. The fraction of the other bone marrow-derived cell types in the mucoperiosteum was estimated in three rats with a high fraction of GFP-positive cells in the wound tissues. Three tissue sections were used to determine the number of double-positive cells as described above. In the tissue sections from the skin similar countings were performed but the selected areas had a depth of 500 μm and a width of 300–600 μm. Epithelial cells, cells in blood vessels, muscle cells, and hair follicle cells were excluded.

The Seascape is at a critical juncture at which local governments require strong technical advice and increased capacity see more to balance development pressures with sustainable management of their coastal and marine

resources. Although capacity to manage marine resources is slowly increasing through the combined efforts of government and NGOs, local governments still and stakeholders require support in developing effective and sustainable coastal and marine resource management. The current focus on capacity building of government staff in marine management in the BHS (which is linked to a larger national program by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to build MPA training centers across Indonesia) is both crucial and timely. Low population numbers, relatively healthy natural resources and a strong tenure system www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html in Papua, provide a real opportunity for government and local communities to manage their resources sustainably, ensure long-term food security, while meeting their development aspirations. The empowerment of local governments and local communities to manage these resources is critically important for the future sustainability and food security of the BHS. We would first

and foremost like to acknowledge our key Indonesian government partners, including PHKA, KKP, UNIPA, LIPI and Regency governments of Raja Ampat, Teluk Wondama, Nabire and Kaimana. We also thank the following people for sharing their knowledge and reports on the Bird’s Head: G. Allen, M. Ammer, P. Barber, L. Becking, P. Boli, L. DeVantier, A. Fauzan, H. Ferdinandus, E. Frommenwiler, J. Fudge, S. Haddock, K. Haisfield, B. Jones, J. Jorgensen, B. Kahn, L. Katz, T. Lamuasa, Y. Maturbongs, A. Muljadi, M. Mongdong, T. Nai, A. Nebore, H. Newman, L. Pet-Soede, Purwanto, R. Robison, Cediranib (AZD2171) I. Tarmidji, M. Shimlock,

R. Tapilatu, J. Taylor, E. Turak, A. Wijonarno and R. Wright. Special thanks to S. Heron of NOAA Coral Reef Watch for assistance with processing of satellite data and R. Salm and M. Sparding for pre-reviewing this manuscript. Funding for many of the studies presented here was provided by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, Walton Family Foundation, Henry Foundation, USAID, US National Science Foundation and generous private donors. All funding sources listed in the acknowledgement section have not been involved in the study design, collection, and interpretation of data, or the decision to submit this manuscript for publication to Marine Pollution Bulletin. “
“Collaborators: Subcommittee 1: Platelet Product Issues Sherrill J. Slichter (Chair) Nancy M. Heddle (Co-Chair) Terry B. Gersheimer Richard M. Kaufman Mike F. Murphy Marty S. Tallman Dan Weisdorf Subcommittee 2: Neonatal & Pediatric Issues Cassandra D. Josephson (Chair) Steven Sloan (Co-Chair) Christof Dome Haresh Kirpalani Martha Sola-Visner Ron G. Strauss Jack A. Widness Subcommittee 3: Surgical Issues Jeffrey L. Carson (Chair) Darryl J.

longistaminata, providing a rich resource for the further elucidation of small RNA functions in rice. Many miRNAs display temporal or tissue-specific expression patterns [33]. Some miRNAs were expressed exclusively in ASs and rhizomes of O. longistaminata, indicating their possible regulatory roles in tissue development. We identified 19 miRNAs,

including osa-miR319a-3p and osa-miR529a, GPCR Compound Library order which were highly and exclusively expressed in the rhizome, and four predicted target genes for osa-miR319a-3p were characterized as encoding the Alg9-like mannosyltransferase protein, dihydrodipicolinate reductase, LSD ONE LIKE 3 (LOL3), and a retrotransposon protein ( Table S4). LOL3 is a zinc finger that may be involved in programmed cell death and defense responses [34]. While the targets for osa-miR529a were predicted to encode a carboxyl-terminal proteinase, a phytosulfokine receptor, a conserved hypothetical protein, and a transposon protein ( Table S4), their detailed functions in rhizome development need further investigation. Comparative analysis of miRNAs differentially expressed between ASs and rhizomes could promote understanding of miRNA functions in rhizome growth regulation and development. In this study, 117 known rice miRNAs, including several important miRNA families, were found to be differentially expressed in rhizomes relative to ASs. Ten

members of the osa-miR156 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II family, whose selleck compound target genes are TGA1, SBP TFs, and SPL TFs, which were previously reported to be related to growth and development in plants [35], [36] and [37], had significantly lower expression levels in rhizomes than in ASs. Seven members of the osa-miR444 family, whose predicted target genes included several MADS-box TFs and SNF2 TF, which were found to be involved in cellular processes, also had lower expression levels in rhizomes [38] and [39]. In contrast, osa-miR319b, whose target genes are two TCP TFs, which have been reported to control the morphology of shoot lateral

organs [40], was highly enriched in the rhizome. These results revealed that the identified differentially expressed miRNAs, correlated with their respective target genes, could function in the regulation of rhizome formation. miRNAs bind to target sequences in mRNAs, typically resulting in repressed gene expression, and targets can also reciprocally control the level and function of miRNAs [41]. In the present study, expression antagonism was observed for several miRNAs and their corresponding target genes, including osa-miR156a and two TGA1s. However, a correlative antagonistic expression pattern could not be detected for osa-miR319b and its target TCP gene, indicating their co-expression in specific tissues, a finding consistent with previous reports [42] and [43].