Setting: Primary care based musculoskeletal service in UK. Participants: Men and women 40 years or older with unilateral shoulder pain with moderate or severe pain intensity on a 3-point scale, and with a non-capsular pattern of restriction. Key exclusion criteria were evidence of other pathological conditions in the shoulder and neck. Randomisation of 232 participants allocated 115 to the TSA HDAC nmr ‘injection plus exercise’ group and 117 to the ‘exercise only’ group. Interventions: Both groups received standard advice to avoid activities that caused or provoked pain. The physiotherapy program started one week after the subacromial injection or immediately in the exercise only arm. The

training sessions were individually adapted and comprised a selection of six mobilisation techniques and 23 progressive exercises. The patients attended as many sessions as deemed necessary by the treating physiotherapist. In addition, the intervention group received one injection of 20 mg triamcinolone acetonide mixed with 4.5 ml 1% lidocaine (lignocaine) at the midpoint of the acromion, which could be repeated after six weeks in patients with ongoing pain. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was the difference in improvement in the total shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) at 12 weeks. The secondary outcome measure

was global assessment of Obeticholic Acid in vivo change on a 5-point scale. Results: 193 of participants completed the study, 96 in the ‘injection plus exercise’ group and 97 to the ‘exercise only’ group. At Week 12 there was no significant difference between the groups in change in SPADI scores: the mean difference between change in groups was 3.3 (95% CI −0.8 to 7.3). Improvement was significantly greater in the injection plus exercise group at Week 1 (6.6, 95% CI 4.3 to 8.8) and Week 6 (7.4, 95% CI 4.3 to 10.4) for the SPADI, with no differences at Week 24 (−2.3, 95% CI −6.8 to 2.3). For the secondary

outcome a similar pattern was seen, with no significant differences at Weeks 12 and 24. For the secondary outcome a similar pattern was seen, with no significant Rolziracetam differences at Weeks 12 and 24. Conclusion: In the treatment of patients with subacromial impingement syndrome, injection plus exercise and exercise only are similarly effective at 12 weeks. This trial investigated whether reduced pain from a corticosteroid injection and lidocaine before starting an exercise therapy program would result in better outcome than exercise therapy only. Hence one cannot know whether it was the lidocaine or the steroid injection that gave pain relief. With this in mind, the title is somewhat misleading. The study is well conducted. The authors have performed Rasch transformation of the main outcome instrument, SPADI. As far as we know this has previously been applied only for the SPADI disability subscale (Cook et al 2001). The applied interventions are pertinent for this patient group (Green et al 2006).

05 to detect differences of 0.11 log10

in cytokine responses for exposures with two equal-sized categories [19]. The objective of this observational analysis was to determine socio-demographic, maternal and infant factors Selleck NVP-BGJ398 associated with cytokine responses following BCG and tetanus immunisation. Socio-demographic factors were maternal age, maternal education (categories none, primary, secondary or tertiary), household socioeconomic status (a six-level score based on building materials, number of rooms, items owned) and location of residence (by zone, Fig. 1). Maternal factors were the three commonest maternal helminth infections (hookworm, Mansonella perstans, Schistosoma mansoni), maternal asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia (Plasmodium falciparum) and maternal immunisation status (absence or presence of a maternal BCG scar; selleck products number of documented doses of tetanus immunisation during pregnancy). Infant factors were gender, birth weight, anthropometric scores at age one year (weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height [27]), infant malaria (current, asymptomatic malaria on the day of the assay; number of documented clinical malaria episodes in the preceding year) and HIV status (based on maternal and infant serology, and infant PCR at age six weeks: unexposed, exposed-uninfected, or

infected). Cytokine responses showed skewed distributions, with a disproportionate number of zero values, as has commonly been observed for immunoepidemiological data and, in particular, for the use of whole blood stimulation and cytokine response assays [28], [29] and [30]. Results were transformed to log10(cytokine concentration + 1) and analysed by linear regression using

bootstrapping with 10,000 iterations to estimate standard errors most and bias-corrected accelerated confidence intervals [29]. Regression coefficients and confidence limits were back-transformed to express results as ratios of geometric means. Crude associations were first examined. The following strategy was then employed to investigate multivariate associations. A simple hierarchical causal diagram was developed (Fig. 2). Socio-demographic factors were considered as potential confounders for the relationship between each exposure and cytokine response, and maternal co-infections (malaria parasitaemia and helminths) were considered as potential confounders for each other and for infant exposures. Treatment with albendazole was considered as a potential effect modifier for maternal hookworm and M. perstans infections, and treatment with praziquantel for S. mansoni infection. Infant co-infections were considered as potential confounders for infant anthropometric exposures.

The gD ORF was placed under the control of NDV transcriptional signals and inserted at the PmeI site between the P and M genes in the NDV vector (Fig. 1). The transcription cassette was designed to maintain the rule of six, whereby the genome nucleotide length must be an even multiple of six in order to be efficiently

replicated [35] and [36]. A Kozak sequence was inserted before the start codon of the gD gene ORF to provide for efficient translation [37]. The resulting plasmid, designated selleck screening library as pLaSota/gDFL, encoded an antigenome of 16,476 nt, which is increased by 1290 nt compared to the parental NDV strain LaSota. As a potential strategy to increase the efficiency of incorporation of gD into the NDV vector virion, we made another construct in which the ectodomain of gD was fused with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of the NDV F protein. This chimeric gene, flanked by NDV transcription signals, was inserted into the NDV antigenomic cDNA in the same way as described above (Fig. 1). The resulting plasmid, designated pLaSota/gDF, encoded an antigenome of the same nt length as pLaSota/gDFL

and also conformed to the rule of six. Both of the recombinant viruses, designated as rLaSota/gDFL and rLaSota/gDF, were recovered using the reverse genetics method described previously [30]. The structure of each gD insert in the genome of these viruses was confirmed by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis (data Ribociclib cell line not shown). Both of the recombinant viruses were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and the titers were determined by HA assay. The HA titers of rLaSota/gDFL and rLaSota/gDF viruses were 1–2 log2 lower than that of the parental rLaSota virus. This result is consistent with previous findings that a moderate attenuation of replication can result from the insertion of a foreign gene [30] and [34]. To determine the stability of the gD gene in the rLaSota/gDFL and rLaSota/gDF viruses, the recovered

viruses were passaged five times in embryonated chicken eggs and five times in chicken embryo fibroblast DF-1 cells. Sequence analysis of the gD gene of the resulting virus preparations showed that the integrity of the gD gene was preserved and stably maintained even after 10 passages. The expression 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase of the two versions of gD in DF1 and MDBK cells infected with rLaSota/gDFL and rLaSota/gDF viruses was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence using a pool of gD-specific monoclonal antibodies. Intracellular expression was investigated in cells that were fixed and permeabilized with Triton X-100 detergent. This showed that gD was expressed efficiently in the cytoplasm of both of the cell lines by rLaSota/gDFL and rLaSota/gDF viruses at 24 h post-infection (Fig. 2, panels b, c, e and f). We were not able to perform Western blot analysis with the gD specific monoclonal antibodies as these antibodies recognize only conformationally dependent epitopes.

1c), http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html thus offering significant advantages over traditional plaque or TCID50 assays. In order to achieve the desired throughput (>104 formulations), we developed an integrated system (Fig. 2a),

combining software (including design of experiment, sample tracking, data visualization, and analysis), hardware (liquid dispensing, plate handling, and fluorescence imaging), and experimental workflow (Fig. 2b) (Development of an integrated high throughput system for identifying formulations of live virus vaccines with greater thermostability: application to the monovalent measles vaccine; manuscript in preparation). A combination of in-house designed, custom modified, and off-the-shelf hardware and software were used. The impact of intra- and inter-plate systematic variability typical of cell-based assays in microtiter plate formats [32] was reduced through careful experimental design choices and data normalization using on-plate controls. The solutions implemented to overcome these challenges will be discussed in greater detail separately (Maximizing the value of cell-based high throughput screening

data through experimental design and data normalization; manuscript in preparation). In HT small molecule screening it is common practice to evaluate the performance of the assay based on the negative and positive controls (Z′) [33] and the proportion of hits found (i.e. hit rate). In thermal stability screening of virus

formulations, neither a true negative control (no infectivity) nor a true positive control is informative. ABT-199 price In theory, it is possible to benchmark formulation performance against either a commercial vaccine or the pre-thermal challenge viral titer for each assay. However, this proved impossible in practice due to the limited availability of monovalent vaccine and the impracticality of processing non-thermally challenged control plates simultaneously about with thermally challenged samples. In practice, the primary goal of identifying formulations capable of thermally stabilizing the virus was readily achieved through simple rank ordering of formulation performance, followed by validation of ‘high performing’ hits using manual assays such as plaque assays. A formalized screening strategy to guide experimental design was applied. A list of >200 excipients including buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, preservatives, and tonicifiers compiled from marketed parenteral formulations, the FDA ‘Generally Regarded As Safe’ (GRAS) list, and the literature was narrowed based on considerations of safety, cost, manufacturing, and ethical issues. Ultimately, 98 unique excipients were screened (Supplementary Table Online). The fully combinatorial formulation space represented by 98 excipients is many orders of magnitude larger (1 × 109 unique formulations with just 6 excipients each) than is tractable, even for HT screening (∼104).

2D gel spots were transferred to protein LoBind tubes (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) and destained with 50% acetonitrile in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 1 h. In-gel tryptic digestion and peptide extraction were carried out manually as described [12]. For matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis, digests were desalted and concentrated using a ZipTip C18 (Millipore) following the manufacturer’s instructions [12] and mixed with α-cyano-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (10 mg/mL in 50% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) prior to spotting onto a MALDI target (Bruker Daltonics, Coventry, UK). An Autoflex II

MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics), equipped with FlexControl software, was used for acquisition of mass spectra. A total of 700 laser shots per sample were acquired by summing sets of 50 laser shots. this website MS/MS spectra were acquired by application of LIFT™-TOF technology on the most intense parent ions. A Surveyor LC system (Thermo Electron), directly interfaced with an ion trap mass spectrometer (LCQ Deca

XP) equipped with an electro-spray ionization (ESI) source (Thermo Electron), was also used for capillary LC–MS/MS analysis of some protein digests [12]. MS scans were performed over a m/z range of 400–2000 and MS/MS scans of the most intense peaks were carried out in a data-dependent Selleckchem FK228 acquisition manner. For MALDI, a list of peptide or fragment ion masses was generated using FlexAnalysis software and imported with BioTools (Bruker Daltonics) to a web-based Mascot search engine (Matrix Science, London, UK) for protein identification via peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and MS/MS sequencing using the SwissProt and NCBInr N. meningitidis entries. For ESI-MS/MS, sequence files were created and searched using the Sequest algorithm in Bioworks v.3.1 software (Thermo Electron) and the N. meningitidis MC58 entries (UniProtKB/SwissProt release 56.4). A positive protein identification Histone demethylase was assigned when at least two peptides passed the single threshold filter by Xcorr (1.50, 2.00, 2.50) versus charge state (±1, 2, 3), respectively. Other search parameters included cysteine carbamidomethylation as a fixed

modification; methionine oxidation as a variable modification; peptide and MS/MS mass tolerance set out at 100 ppm for MALDI and 0.5 and 0.6 Da for ESI-MS and -MS/MS, respectively. Peptide charges of +1 for MALDI and +1, +2, +3 for ion trap were selected, and one trypsin miss-cleavage was allowed. Differences in antibody levels were determined with Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney rank sum test using a SigmaStat 3.1 program (Systat Software, Chicago, USA). p-Values <0.05 were considered significant. Correlations were assessed by the Spearman rank order correlation test or Pearson product moment correlation test. For DIGE analysis, Student’s t-test was applied to identify protein spots with significant differences in fold changes between the two compared groups.

Après stricte normalisation glycémique, deux bilans cliniques et morphologiques à 3 mois sont réalisés puis en cas de stabilité, répétés tous les 3 à 6 mois. La place de la surveillance glycémique est discutée. On privilégiera la qualité du contrôle symptomatique et tumoral, ainsi la tolérance des options thérapeutiques choisies. Sont également à prendre en compte l’état nutritionnel, la dimension psychologique du patient et de son entourage, les soins locaux du dispositif Dinaciclib veineux et l’intérêt de son maintien. Les études futures devront mieux préciser la qualité de la réponse symptomatique (délai de réponse

et durée) obtenue avec chaque traitement. les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de conflits d’intérêts en relation avec cet article. “
“Dans l’éditorial « Les sites de référence français du Partenariat Européen d’Innovation pour un vieillissement actif et en bonne santé » paru dans le numéro de décembre 2013 de la Presse médicale, les noms des personnes

du groupe d’étude MACVIA-LR n’apparaissent qu’en pièce jointe VX-770 in vitro électronique. Nous les reproduisons ici à la demande de l’auteur principal en note de bas de page. Nous prions les auteurs et les lecteurs de nous excuser pour cet oubli. “
“So much hope for lupus, at last Frédéric A. Houssiau, Brussels, Belgium Where is lupus hidden? Falk Hiepe, Berlin, Germany Why and how should we measure disease activity and damage in lupus? Joy Feld and David Isenberg, London, United Kingdom Which dose of steroids and which cytotoxics for severe lupus? Pamela Lutalo et al., London, United Kingdom Hydroxychloroquine: a multifaceted treatment in lupus Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau et al., Paris, France When biologics should be used in systemic lupus erythematosus? Jacques-Eric Gottenberg et al., Strasbourg, France Prevention and management of co-morbidities

in SLE Tanmayee Bichile and Michelle Petri, Baltimore, United science States What matters for lupus patients? Gamal Chehab et al., Hamburg, Germany Challenges for lupus management in emerging countries Zoubida Tazi Mezalek and Wafa Bono, Rabat, Morocco “
“Les facteurs influençant le choix de la spécialité sont multiples. L’enseignement influence le choix de la spécialité. “
“L’hypovitaminose D est fréquente. Le déficit sévère en vitamine D peut être une cause des douleurs musculo-squelettiques diffuses chronique des adultes jeunes. “
“Une fois encore, l’émergence d’un nouveau phénomène épidémique dû à un virus particulièrement agressif suscite l’inquiétude sur les lieux où il se répand, mais aussi dans la communauté internationale. Ceci illustre les risques potentiels, maintenant largement annoncés, que notre monde actuel doit affronter puisqu’il est davantage en mesure de les repérer, d’en suivre la progression, d’en apprécier les caractéristiques et, dans toute la mesure du possible, de les combattre.

Since cell concentrations at the start of virus culture were different in the different settings (Table 1), the cell specific d-antigen yields were calculated and compared (Fig. 5). Cell specific d-antigen yields were the highest when virus culture was carried out based Ivacaftor cost on semi-batch cell cultures for poliovirus type 1 and batch or semi-batch cell cultures for type 2 and 3. When perfusion or recirculation cultures were used prior to virus culture, the cell specific d-antigen yields were a factor 2 lower. The Vero cell line is one of the commonly used cell lines to produce viral vaccines [12]. Classic cell culture

processes used in vaccine manufacturing are often based on batch-wise cell and virus cultivations followed by extensive

downstream processing, concentration, purification and inactivation to yield a product [13] and [14]. While downstream processing is important, the virus of interest is generated during upstream processing, i.e. cell and virus culture. It is also at this stage where the intrinsic product quality is determined. Whereas product yields may be related to both the cell concentration and the metabolic state of the cells, product quality is likely largely influenced by the cells metabolic condition and the virus culture conditions. In other words, the cell culture method may impact product quality. The cell cultures are discussed first, followed by the observed d-antigen levels as indicator of product quality. The application of different cell culture strategies resulted in higher cell densities, up to 5 × 106 see more cells mL−1 during recirculation cultures. These cell concentrations were at comparable also levels to those previously reported for recirculation cultures [15]. In addition, the cell densities reached using perfusion, semi-batch and batch cultures were comparable

to those reported by others [8], [16] and [17]. At the higher cell densities, cells were growing in multilayers on the microcarriers. Recently it has been reported that the tumorgenicity of Vero cells is dependent not only on the passage level as reported previously [18], but also on the culture conditions [19]. The growth in dense cultures as well as the adaptation to serum free media may result in the acquisition of a tumorgenic phenotype. Moreover differences in cell morphology, i.e. the compactness of the monolayer, have been reported for Vero cell growth in different serum free media [20]. As such, tumorgenicity of the Vero cells growing in multilayers in a specific ACF medium should be investigated before these cells are used to produce clinical materials. During all cell cultures, sufficient concentrations of glucose and glutamine were present. At the end of cell culture lactate concentrations were high, up to 36 mM during batch, approx. 20 mM during semi-batch and recirculation and 12 mM during perfusion cultures.

The means and standard deviation were calculated where appropriate. Statistical differences were determined by the ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test and the level of significance set at p < 0.05. In many cases results were calculated as percentage of relevant control values (as the control values could vary between cell preparations and between experiments) to make understanding of the results easier. During the period of treatment with HOCS, there were no significant changes in the body weights of treated and untreated

animals; weight gain was normal in all the experimental groups. But there was a significant HIF inhibitor decrease in the sex organ weights, namely testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle in all treated groups. Sex organ weights were highly decreased in the group III animals when compared to that of control animals (Table 1). The sperm of the control rats had normal counts, motility, and morphology (Table 2). In HOCS treated rats, the cauda epididymal sperm parameters showed evidence of dose dependent infertility. The sperm counts were significantly decreased in group II, group III and group IV animals compared to that of normal animals (Table 2). In group IV animals, the sperm counts were highly reduced Talazoparib nmr when compared

to that of control rats. The sperm motility was highly inhibited in group II, group III and group IV animals (Table 2). More than 50% of the sperm had abnormal morphologies of various kinds, which included broken head, DNA damage sperm, coil in tail region of two or more sperm etc., were observed (Fig. 1). The plant extract intoxication exerted a significant decrease epididymal sperm concentration and sperm progress motility. The live/dead sperm count was increased in group II, group III and group IV animals. The reduction of sperm count and sperm motility were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group IV treated animals when compared to that of control. Light photomicrography of the testicular tissue of vehicle treated rat showing intact lumen of seminiferous tubule, intact those basement membrane

and sertoli cells, intact interstitial tissue, cells of Leydig, and peritubular capillaries and venules. HOCS at 200 mg/kg, showing slight seminiferous tubular degeneration with scattered areas of interstitial edema (Fig. 2). There was also necrosis of the sertoli cell responsible for supporting developing spermatocytes. 300 and 400 mg/kg bw treated animals showing moderate to severe degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and shrinkage. Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times as medicine for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Over the past decade, interests in drugs derived from higher plants, especially the phototherapeutic ones, have increased expressively. It is estimated that about 25% of all modern medicine are directly or indirectly derived from higher plants.7, 8, 9 and 10 The anti-fertility effect of HOCS confirmed by following measures.

Release studies through dermatomed skin showed that the hollow MN device had the ability to fully penetrate the dermatomed skin (as was observed) and deliver bacteriophage transdermally. There was a small amount of liquid remaining on the surface of the skin following application. Accordingly, 100% delivery was not expected. A 1 ml volume of a 5 × 108 PFU/ml stock was delivered into 11 ml PBS in the Franz cell donor compartment. Apoptosis Compound Library Therefore, 4.5 × 107 PFU/ml would be the maximum phage amount to be detected if 100% delivery occurred. Thirty minutes following delivery, 1 × 106 PFU/ml was detected within the receptor compartment, as determined by plaque assay ( Fig. 6a). Amounts of phage detected

stayed within 1 × 106 ± 1 log up to the 24 h time point. This is regarded as a constant level, as variability of this kind is common with plaque assay results ( Darling et al., 1998). Delivery of stock solution through full thickness skin proved difficult. MNs did not penetrate all layers of the skin and the resistance provided by the dermal layer meant that solution flow was reduced, yielding a pool of liquid the skin surface (Fig. 6b). The calibration curve (R2 = 0.992) constructed showed that phages were detectable in rat blood to a concentration

of 30 PFU/ml ( Fig. 7a). Phage concentrations detected at each HCS assay timepoint are presented in Fig. 7b. Phage was detected at a concentration of approximately 4 × 103 PFU/ml 30 min after phage administration. This phage concentration reduced rapidly at the next time point with an average 50 PFU/ml at 1.5 h and 125 PFU/ml at 2 h. Hypothetically, the 1 ml of a 4 × 109 PFU/ml stock was administered to each rat (although it is known that 100% delivery did not occur due to backflow of phage stock – Fig. 8). These results suggest that phages were successfully

delivered into the systemic circulation. However, phages were also cleared quickly from the system, with an over 2 log reduction in phage concentration from 30 min to the 1 h time point. No phage was detected at the 24 h time point ( Fig. 7b). The variation in plaque assay results from the 1 h to the 6 h time points can be explained by the known inherent variation of the microbiological plaque assay itself, as outlined above. A recent review by our Group illustrated the need for more diverse delivery systems to improve the breath of phage therapy applications (Ryan et al., 2011).The present study successfully delivered viable T4 bacteriophage transdermally both in vitro and in vivo using a novel hollow MN system. MN–mediated transdermal delivery punctures the skin and by-passes the SC to create transient aqueous transport pathways of micron dimensions. This, in turn, enhances transdermal permeability ( Tanner and Marks, 2008). MNs possess many advantageous attributes including painless delivery, simple and affordable fabrication and the elimination of the threat of cross-contamination that parenteral delivery poses ( Donnelly et al.

Pooled sera per group were 500-fold diluted and used in IPMA to immunostain BSR monolayers infected with each of the nine reference AHSV strains. As expected, guinea pig sera raised against single VP2 proteins immunostained monolayers infected with the homologous AHSV serotype (Table 2). Similar to cross-neutralization of genetically related AHSV serotypes, some monolayers infected ABT-888 with genetically related AHSV serotypes were also immunostained. In contrast to the cross-neutralization results (Table 1), AHSV-6 was not recognized by α-AHSV-9 VP2 serum (Table 2). In addition to immunostaining of genetically related

AHSV serotypes, some unrelated AHSV reference strains were also recognized in IPMA; e.g. AHSV-8 was recognized not only by α-VP2 sera of AHSV-5 and -8 but also by AHSV-4. AHSV-5 was also recognized by α-VP2 of AHSV-3. In general this immunostaining was weaker than for the respective homologous AHSV serotype (Table 2). VP2 protein of orbiviruses is the major selleckchem determinant of

eliciting nAbs and has been used as recombinant protein-based vaccine in previous studies [17], [21], [22], [23] and [31]. Particularly, VP2 of AHSV serotype 4 has been studied extensively by European research groups, as the last European AHS outbreak was caused by this serotype [32]. In this report we studied the immunogenicity of VP2 proteins of all nine AHSV serotypes as a first step in the development of AHS subunit vaccines. This is the first report to show that VP2 of all nine AHSV serotypes

induce serotype specific nAbs with slight cross-neutralizing antibodies. The baculovirus expression system was used to produce recombinant VP2 protein of all nine serotypes for induction of nAbs. Further, some VP2 genes were optimized to increase protein expression. Still, quantities of soluble VP2 significantly varied between the different serotypes. Since it is generally known that recombinant VP2 protein of orbivirus is highly MRIP insoluble, it is likely that quantities of soluble VP2 proteins vary by differences in expression or solubility [33]. VP2 proteins of each AHSV serotype were produced in insect cells and each induced detectable nAb titers in guinea pigs as an alternative animal model. Previously, purified AHSV VP2 seemed to be less immunogenic in rabbits [21], but as little as 5 μg of VP2 protein in insect cell lysate could protect horses from AHS by induction of nAbs [14]. In this study, guinea pigs were immunized with insect cell lysate containing 50 μg of VP2 to elicit detectable antibodies. Each VP2 elicited serotype specific Abs, but nAb titers varied considerably among different AHSV serotypes, from 37 for AHSV-2 to 1365 for AHSV-6. Further, cross-neutralization antibodies between genetically related serotypes were detected, but most of those cross-neutralizing Abs titers were considerably lower than for the respective serotype. Moreover, some expected cross-reactive nAbs were not detected.