We report on clinical studies testing clinical relevance of non-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens in solid organ transplantation and provide an update on novel experimental findings. A conceptual framework on the role of graft microenvironment

during initiation of non-HLA-related humoral immunity is addressed as well.Recent findingsClinical relevance of antibodies targeting angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT(1)R-Abs) is broadly confirmed in renal and cardiac transplantation, where in addition antibodies against endothelin type A receptor (ETAR-Abs) were found. Obliterative lesions in lung allografts occur more commonly in the presence of antibodies directed against K- 1 tubulin and collagen-V. Anti-perlecan

antibodies are newly identified as accelerators of obliterative vascular lesions. Changes in the intragraft microenvironment, ischemia BTSA1 and alloimmunity seem to represent important permissive factors for non-HLA antibody responses.SummaryConfirmed clinical relevance of non-HLA humoral responses in solid organ transplantation emphasizes the need for revision of classical diagnostic approaches based solely on detection of HLA-donor-specific antibodies (DSA). A better understanding of intersections of HLA- and non-HLA-related mechanisms and identification of common Sotrastaurin concentration phosphatase inhibitor effector mechanisms would represent an important

step towards targeted therapies.”
“Systematic dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on RuSr2Eu1.5Ce0.5Cu2O10-delta (Ru1222) demonstrate a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition around 95 K. The third harmonic of the ac susceptibility reveals that the system undergoes a spin glass transition below 75 K. The features of the zero-field cooled and field cooled dc magnetization curves of Ru1222 material resemble those of a cluster glass state, rather than those of a canonical spin glass state. The magnetization versus applied field loops do not saturate, even at very high applied fields, resulting in the short range magnetic order in the system, which facilitates the formation of clusters that freeze at low temperature. The temperature dependence of the second and third harmonic ac susceptibilities further confirms the coexistence of a cluster glass state and ferromagnetic order in the Ru1222 system. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3063069]“
“Purpose of reviewWith graft survival rates steadily improving during the recent years, there is debate whether donor kidneys should still be allocated according to compatibility for human leukocyte antigens (HLA).Recent findingsRecent studies argue for continued kidney exchange efforts for achieving better HLA compatibility.