The highest prevalence rates were observed in October and November, and the trend was decreasing in winter. The disease occurred mostly in Iranian males, in the age range of 16-20. In 2007, it was reported mostly in rural population, while in 2008 and 2009, it learn more occurred mostly in urban population. In the years studied, most patients had one lesion in arms, legs, face, and then other regions of the body.\n\nConclusion:

The causes of the higher prevalence of the infection in men above 15 can be attributed to their less covering, and spending more time outdoor for daily activity and work, both of which cause higher probability of contact with sandflies. Authorities should pay attention to the importance and priority of leishmaniasis control, as well as allocating adequate funds for control measures.”
“Objectives: To measure cuspal deflection and tooth strain, plus marginal leakage and gap formation caused by polymerization shrinkage during direct resin composite restoration of root-filled premolars.\n\nMethods: Thirty-two first and second maxillary premolars were divided into four groups (n =8). Group 1 had standardised mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavities and served as the control group. Group 2 had endodontic access

and root canal treatment through the occlusal floor of the MOD cavity, leaving the axial dentine intact Group 3 had endodontic access and root canal treatment with the mesial and distal. axial dentine removed. Group 4 had endodontic access and root canal treatment with axial dentine removed and a glass ionomer Proteasome inhibitor base (GIC). All groups were restored incrementally using a low shrink resin composite. Cuspal deflection was measured using direct current differential

transformers (DCDTs), Selleck Ion Channel Ligand Library and buccal and palatal strain was measured using strain gauges. Teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 h, sectioned and scored for leakage and gap formation under light and scanning electron microscopy.\n\nResults: Total cuspal deflection was 4.9 +/- 1.3 mu m for the MOD cavity (group 1), 7.8 +/- 3.3 mu m for endodontic access with intact axial dentine (group 2), 12.2 +/- 2.6 mu m for endodontic access without axial dentine (group 3), and 11.1 +/- 3.8 mu m for endodontic access with a GIC base (group 4). Maximum buccal strain was 134 +/- 56, 139 +/- 61, 251 +/- 125, and 183 +/- 63 mu strain for groups 1-4 respectively, while the maximum palatal strain was 256 +/- 215, 184 +/- 149, 561 +/- 123, 264 +/- 87 mu strain respectively. All groups showed marginal leakage; however placement of GIC base significantly improved the seal (p = 0.007).\n\nConclusion: Cusp deflection and strain increased significantly when axial dentine was removed as part of the endodontic access. Placement of a glass ionomer base significantly reduced tooth strain and marginal leakage. Therefore, a conservative endodontic access and placement of a glass ionomer base are recommended if endodontically treated teeth undergo direct restoration with resin composite.