The heat shock GW3965 datasheet protein 70 (HSP70) family is easily inducible, highly active, considered to be a complementary antioxidant system and has been well studied (Silver & Noble, 2012). The administration of glutamine has been shown to promote an increase in HSP70 as a protecting agent against various forms of injury, in a dose-dependent manner (Wischmeyer et al., 2001). Whey protein contains glutamine as well as abundant amounts of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are a source of nitrogen for the endogenous synthesis of glutamine catalysed by glutamine synthetase (Lollo et al., 2011 and He

et al., 2010). We hypothesise that the consumption of whey protein hydrolysate enhances the production

of HSP70 in rats subjected to exercise as source of stress. We also hypothesise that the glutamine synthetase enzyme could be involved in the mechanism of enhanced HSP70 production. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (21 days old, specific-pathogen free) reared in the Multidisciplinary Centre for Biological Research, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil, were housed (∼22 °C, 55% RH, inverted 12-h light cycle) in individual growth cages with access to commercial selleck chemicals llc feed (Labina, Purina, Brazil) and water ad libitum, until they reached 150 ± 8.7 g. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the University of Campinas (CEEA-UNICAMP, protocol 2297·1). The

diets were based on the AIN93-G diet (Reeves, Nielsen, & Fahey, 1993), except that the protein content was 12% and whey protein (WP), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) or casein (CAS) was the only protein source. Table 1 and Table 2 show the nutrient compositions of the diets and the amino acid compositions of the protein sources, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of the WPH peptides was 40.5% <1 kDa, 26.7% between 1 and 5 kDa, and 15.6% between 5 and 20 kDa. When the animals reached 150 ± 8.7 g of body mass, they were randomly assigned to six groups, corresponding to the three diets (CAS, WP and WPH) Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase and two exercise regimes (S and E, for sedentary (unstressed) and exercised (stressed), respectively). The experimental diets were provided for 3 weeks. The animals in the exercised groups were subjected to five intense exercise sessions on a treadmill at a speed of 22 m/min for 30 min during the last week of treatment. The exercise on a treadmill is an effective form to promote HSP response (Salo et al. 1991). After the last exercise session, the rats were allowed to recover for 6 h and were then killed by decapitation (Wischmeyer et al. 2001). Immediately after sacrifice, the gastrocnemius, soleus, spleen, lung, kidney and heart were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysis. The protein content of the supernatants was determined by the Lowry method.