The finding of a larger amplitude of the N1 component over the right as compared with the left hemisphere sites and of a more widespread group difference in the N1 peak amplitude over the right hemisphere in our FDA approved Drug Library cell line study is noteworthy. Although lateralization effects in ERP results should be interpreted with caution, our results do agree with reports of greater right hemisphere involvement in the processing of spectral information and of timbre in particular (e.g. Belin et al., 2000; Zatorre & Belin, 2001; von Kriegstein

et al., 2003). While the N1 enhancement in musicians was present to all sound types, the relationship between its peak amplitude and measures of musical proficiency was limited to the NAT condition. More specifically, individuals who rated their own musical ability more highly had a larger N1 peak amplitude to both music

and voice deviants. Additionally, individuals with higher MAP scores had higher N1 peak amplitude to music deviants. A similar but weaker relationship was also present between MAP Idasanutlin solubility dmso scores and N1 to voice deviants. A relationship between N1 and either the age at onset of training or the duration of training was not significant. In part this may be due to the fact that we tested amateur musicians, who on average started their training later than what would be typical for professional musicians. Overall, however, reports of correlation between either the age at the onset of musical training or the duration Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) of such training and the enhancement of early ERP responses are not consistent (e.g. Pantev et al., 1998; Shahin et al., 2003; Musacchia et al., 2007). Our evaluation of timbre encoding in musicians and non-musicians has its limitations. Our main task probed the ability of the two groups of participants to resist distraction

and did not measure overt timbre perception. Therefore, whether enhanced N1 peak amplitude to complex sounds in musicians actually translates into better timbre identification and/or discrimination requires future studies. Related to the above point is the fact that the design of our study required that we use only a small set of sounds to represent vocal and musical timbres. In contrast, studies of the FTPV component used a large range of vocal and non-vocal sounds. Future studies that use a larger set of timbre examples and focus on the FTPV component may help determine whether musicians’ neural encoding of voices as a perceptual category (compared with voices’ acoustic properties as in the current study) is superior to that in non-musicians. In summary, musicians showed an enhanced N1 ERP component not only to musical and vocal sounds but also to never before heard spectrally-rotated sounds.