The aim of this study selleck Olaparib was to examine abstinence rates among GB compared with HT smokers in a smoking cessation treatment study that did not specifically recruit GB smokers or use a therapeutic approach targeted to any special group of smoker. The 8-week open treatment phase that preceded a maintenance treatment study (Covey et al., 2007) provided an opportunity to compare short-term cessation outcome by sexual orientation. Methods At the baseline visit, participants completed a self-administered form that included the following question: ��Do you think of yourself as: (a) heterosexual or straight, (b) homosexual or gay or lesbian, or (c) bisexual?�� Based on responses to this question, we categorized study participants as HT versus GB.

Using advertisements without reference to participants�� sexual orientation, our study drew 1,859 respondents, of whom 1,047 met study eligibility criteria during telephone screen and 588 met enrollment criteria at the initial clinic visit (Covey et al., 2007). Of the enrolled group, 11.6% (68/588) self-reported LGB orientation, a percentage similar to the recent 10.6% estimate of the LGB population in the New York City metropolitan area (Gates, 2006), where our smoking cessation program is located. Among 305 males, 54 (19%) self-identified as GB, 243 (80%) as HT, and 8 (2.6%) did not answer. Among 283 female study participants, only a small number (n = 14) self-identified as LGB; this led us to restrict the present study to the sample of 297 males who answered the sexual orientation question.

The study outcome was abstinence status at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 (the end of treatment) following the target quit day, verified by expired carbon monoxide ��8 parts per million (Jarvis, Tunstall-Pedoe, Feyerabend, Vesey, & Saloojee, 1987). Dropouts were considered nonabstainers. The main predictor was sexual orientation (GB vs. HT). Potential covariates selected for their putative influence on smoking cessation outcome were demographics, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), psychological variables, and psychiatric history (see Table 1). Table 1. Baseline characteristics of heterosexual and gay/bisexual male smokers To test differences by sexual orientation, we used the chi-square test for categorical variables and the two-sample t test for continuous variables.

To evaluate moderation of cessation outcome by sexual orientation during the 8-week treatment, we applied a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) for categorical repeated measures using a logit link function, fitted with Brefeldin_A PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with weekly abstinence status (Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8) modeled as a function of sexual orientation, time (weeks since target cessation day), age, occupational level, and BMI (baseline characteristics that significantly differentiated GB from HT smokers in the study).