) Regarding antihypertensive

therapy, a higher proportion of cancer cases had ever used beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers. In the univariate analyses, we found a negative association between pioglitazone/rosiglitazone see more and liver cancer incidence, and a positive one between rosiglitazone and lung cancer. After controlling for potential confounding variables including short-acting human insulin, metformin (mean daily dosage in quartiles), sulfonylurea (mean daily dosage in quartiles), number of oral antidiabetic agents, chronic liver disease, statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, chronic kidney disease, glinides, nephropathy, cerebrovascular disease, calcium channel blockers, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease, a significantly decreased risk of liver cancer incidence was found for any use of rosiglitazone (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65-0.81) and pioglitazone (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95), respectively (Table 3), in contrast to the adjusted ORs of 2.35 (95% CI: www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html 2.21-2.49) for short-acting insulin, 1.05 (95% CI: 0.93-1.18) for sulfonylurea, and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69-0.85) for metformin. The protective effects were even stronger for higher cumulative dosage ≥120 DDD (OR 0.64;

95% CI: 0.56-0.72 for rosiglitazone and OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.95 for pioglitazone) and for cumulative treatment duration ≥3 years (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49-0.85 for rosiglitazone and OR 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23-0.86 for pioglitazone). Risk estimates were similar between prevalent and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Due to the high prevalence of hepatitis

B and C infection, the analysis was further stratified to those with and without chronic liver disease. The risk reduction (especially in high and prolonged dosage of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) in liver cancer was mostly seen in the patients with prevalent chronic liver disease (Table 4). For colorectal cancer, rosiglitazone was associated with a significantly decreased risk (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76-0.96) 上海皓元 with a more prominent effect among those with the highest cumulative dose (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.73-0.95) (Table 5). In contrast, pioglitazone was not associated with a significantly protective effect for colorectal cancer, although a trend of negative association was also found. The characteristics for cases and controls of lung and bladder cancer are summarized in Supporting Tables B and C. No relation between rosiglitazone/pioglitazone and lung or bladder cancer was found, although the ORs were above 1.0 (Supporting Tables D, E). A dosage and duration response relationship was not evident between the use of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and these two types of cancer. An increase in bladder cancer risk was observed with pioglitazone use ≥3 years (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.51-4.74), which did not reach statistical significance. The cancer risk associated with antidiabetic therapies other than TZD are also reported (Supporting Table F).