Possible RpoN-binding sites were also found upstream of two genes encoding putative peptidases (XF0220 and XF2260). In E. coli the ddpXABCDE operon (DdpX is a D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase) is induced under nitrogen limitation, possesses a potential σ54-dependent promoter and seems to work scavenging D-alanyl-D-alanine from peptidoglycan

[13, 19]. These results suggest that scavenging of nitrogen compounds could also be a mechanism controlled by σ54 in X. fastidiosa. To compare microarray data with in silico predictions, the genes and/or operons associated with the 44 predicted σ54-binding sites were cross-examined Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor with the list of genes induced under nitrogen starvation (Additional file 1: Table S1) and the genes with decreased expression levels in the wild type compared to its rpoN derivative mutant (Table 2). Genes encoding the pilin protein of the type IV pili (XF2542) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (XF1121), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to methyltetrahydrofolate, the major methyl donor for conversion of homocysteine to methionine were induced under nitrogen starvation, downregulated in the rpoN mutant and were preceded by σ54-dependent promoters. A set of six genes possessing σ54-dependent see more promoters (XF0220, XF0308, XF0318, XF0159,

XF0567 and XF1316) was induced under nitrogen starvation, but they were not differentially expressed in the rpoN mutant. All other genes showed no consistent correlation between the transcriptome analysis and the computational promoter prediction. These

apparent divergences can be attributable to low expression of RpoN- regulated genes unless under specific conditions that activate the enhancer binding proteins, suggesting that both methods are necessary to achieve a more complete description of the X. fastidiosa σ54 regulon. These combined strategies have been applied to determine RpoN regulon in several bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes [41], Geobacter sulfurreducens Ixazomib mouse [42] and Bradyrhizobium japonicum [43]. Detection and validation of a σ54-dependent promoter in the glnA gene Analysis of genomic context indicates that Xylella possesses a conserved gene cluster predicted to encode proteins related to nitrogen KU-60019 datasheet metabolism including glutamine synthetase (XF1842), nitrogen regulatory protein P-II (XF1843), ammonium transporter (XF1844) and NtrB/NtrC two-component system (XF1848/XF1849) (Figure 3A), all genes known to be part of the NtrC-RpoN regulon in E. coli [13, 19]. In our original analysis using the PATSER program, only one RpoN-binding site was predicted in this region. It is located upstream of the XF1850 gene that encodes a hypothetical protein containing a conserved region of a probable transposase family (Table 3).