Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M: Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. GSI-IX purchase J Physiol 2006, 573:525–534.PubMedCrossRef 38. Lemon PW, Berardi JM, Noreen EE: The role of protein and amino acid supplements in the athlete’s diet: does type or SN-38 price Timing of ingestion matter? Curr Sports Med Rep 2002, 1:214–221.PubMedCrossRef 39. Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: An oral

essential amino acidcarbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:386–392.PubMed 40. Verdijk LB, Jonkers RA, Gleeson BG, Beelen M, Meijer K, Savelberg HH, Wodzig WK, Dendale P, van Loon LJ: Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:608–616.PubMedCrossRef 41. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Tranchina CP, Rashti SL, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD: Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength,

power, and body-composition changes in resistancetrained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2009, 19:172–185.PubMed 42. Esmarck B, Andersen JL, Olsen S, Richter EA, Mizuno M, Kjaer M: Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol 2001, 535:301–311.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests Jose Antonio PhD was a former sports science consultant to VPX® check details Sports. Authors’ contributions VC

and JA contributed significantly to all aspects of this study. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background It is generally well accepted that physiologically mechanical loading, e.g., physical activity or exercise, plays important roles in having higher bone mass during growth period [1]. In 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase addition, nutritional factors such as protein are essential for increasing bone formation [2]. Thus, for achieving peak bone mass during growing phase, not only mechanical loading but also sustaining adequate protein intake may be of significance. In particular, although young athletes involved in physical training have high protein intakes [3], the effects of protein intake and physical exercise on growing bone have not been well understood. Type I collagen is the major structural protein, being the main extra cellular matrix protein for calcification. It is distributed throughout the whole body accounting for 25% of total body protein and for 80% of total conjunctive tissue in humans [4]. The synthesis of type I collagen also plays a role in further promoting osteoblast differentiation [5, 6]. Collagen peptides, the enzymatic degradation products of collagens, have recently been shown to have several biological activities, and have been used as preservatives [7–9].