Notice that we focus on relative measures in comparison to gasoline rather than absolute.   2 The notion will carry through apply similarly for any billed unit (e.g., business unit in a company) and any accounting period.

  3 Due to on and off peak consumption.   4 Fixed costs may be considered to reflect the EP associated with the various infrastructure (distribution network). In later work we show how the deployed capital and externalities can be incorporated into EP.   5 In later work, we show how the deployed capital and externalities can be incorporated into EP.   6 Heating is assumed in natural gas, where 1 EP = 1.44 therms.”
“Introduction The realization that climate change is AZD8055 datasheet posing tangible threats to the sustainability of humanity has given rise to new scientific inquiries, such as the emerging research field of sustainability science (SS). SS aims

to understand the conditions of human–environment Romidepsin interactions and find ways to meet the needs of society while at the same time ensuring that the planet’s life support systems are sustained (Turner et al. 2003; Clark 2007). Conceptualizing vulnerability is a central element within both SS and the climate change discourse owing to the significance of questions such as: who and what is vulnerable to certain climate stressors, where may these be located, how may various societal or natural conditions amplify this vulnerability, and what can be done to respond to and reduce these vulnerabilities? The appeal of vulnerability as a concept lies in its inclusive nature, whereby humans and the natural environment are seen as intimately coupled and differentially

exposed, differentially sensitive, and differentially adaptable to threats (Polsky et al. 2007). Studying Methamphetamine this is difficult, arguably perhaps impossible, because it demands a thorough investigation of every biophysical, social, cultural and cognitive aspect of human–environment interactions (ibid). Accordingly, research focusing on coupled human–environment systems calls for theoretical expertise and methods from several research fields, such as risk- and disaster-management, political ecology, sustainable livelihoods frameworks and resilience research (Ingram et al. 2010). This realization has resulted in many frameworks that attempt to understand vulnerability (Wisner and Luce 1993; Watts and Bohle 1993; Ribot et al. 1996; Kasperson and Kasperson 2001; Brooks 2003; Cutter et al. 2003; Turner et al. 2003; Schröter et al. 2005; Adger 2006; Füssel and Klein 2006; Polsky et al. 2007, Scoones and Thompson 2009; Ionescu et al. 2009; Hinkel 2011; Preston et al. 2011) even if vulnerability itself, like sustainability, can neither be observed nor measured directly, but rather must be deduced (Hinkel 2011). Some scholars (Patt et al.