No organic solvent is necessary to solubilise the substrates, which allows a reaction medium solely composed of the necessary substrates to be used.

Immobilisation of the lipase by physical adsorption onto an anion exchange resin provided good results in terms of activity, enzyme stability and the reuse of immobilised derivative. Using this immobilised derivative, PGPR with an acid value of 16 mg KOH/g was obtained, far above the requirements

of the European Commission DAPT Directive 2008/84/EC (<6 mg KOH/g). In an attempt to force the reaction equilibrium towards the synthetic pathway, polyglycerol polyricinoleate was synthesised under controlled atmosphere in a vacuum reactor with dry nitrogen intake. This equipment allowed us to synthesise PGPR with an acid value of 4.9 mg KOH/g, which complies with the European Commission Directive and the results were

entirely reproducible. This investigation represents a good starting point for using the enzymatic procedure in the industrial biosynthesis of PGPR. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Animal glue GDC-0973 has been used to fix historical textiles on paper, wood panels, or other rigid support materials. It is often present in shrunk, cracked, rigid, and brittle form because of the aged condition artifacts and may not provide enough adhesion for effective support causing damage to historical textiles. The biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. In this experimental work, undertaken with modern linen and silk fabrics, interesting results have been obtained for the removal of animal glue by using the protease enzyme from Aspergillus selleck inhibitor oryzae. An extensive study was done in the enzymatic activity and efficiency for the removal of the animal glue from the textiles, as well as the effects of this treatment on mechanical and optical parameters of the textile fibers. The effect of protease on fibers is measured by Fourier transform infrared

spectral analysis, scanning electron microscope, the CIE-Lab values, ASTM method D5035, and XRD. The results showed that using protease in adhesive removal presented good results with a safe and a short treatment time when compared with the conventional methods. No significant changes on the linen and silk fabrics are observed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Grain boundary diffusion of Co and Ag was investigated in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained (UFG) alpha-Ti. Ultrafine grained Ti was produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and diffusion measurements were performed in a temperature interval where no significant grain growth occurred. Grain boundary diffusion of Co was found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude slower in UFG Ti, despite the attendant activation enthalpy being similar to that in coarse-grained alpha-Ti.