Metal-based nanomaterials readily dissolve and liberate bioactive metal ions and react with biomolecules (proteins and DNA) of the cellular Hedgehog inhibitor components in a similar manner as a reactive oxygen species (ROS). NPs and free ions co-exist extracellularly and/or intracellularly, indicating a multitude of stress pathways [33, 44]. The intracellular uptake of ZnO NPs is likely to involve subsequent fusion with lysosomes that may accelerate the oxidative dissolution of ZnO NPs as indicated in the present study. This implies that ZnO NPs may have targeted impact on coelomocytes as a result of preferential accumulation and subsequent in situ molecular damages by liberated Zn+ ions

[2] at higher concentration. Time course profiling of representative gene expressions, in parallel with flow cytometric analysis of IWP-2 chemical structure the intracellular ROS level, favours the view that coelomocyte populations are under oxidative stress that can signal-transduce to immune cascades downstream [13]. Recently, coelomocytes were found

to recruit calcium for activation [45], and they may possess similar biochemistry to that of calcium and similar signalling to that in higher organisms, linking stress responses to activation of immune systems [46]. Conclusions In light of our current SAR302503 ic50 understanding of nanomaterial uptake, the present investigation was carried out. The phagocyte population of coelomocytes seems to be a susceptible target of nanomaterials.

To evaluate the cellular uptake of ZnO NPs by coelomocytes of earthworm in the soil ecosystem, cell viability with comet assay for genotoxicity investigation was observed. The results from these aspects showed the following: (i) Coelomocytes were viable after exposure to 100- and 50-nm ZnO NPs (up to exposure of 5 mg/l). However, there was a decrease in viability when the exposure dose was 3 mg/l particularly at 48 h. (ii) Exposure to 50-nm NPs triggered the replication of coelomocytes which may be due to the high rate of internalization of NPs. (iii) Exposure to 100- and 50-nm ZnO NPs did not show any significant DNA damage up to exposure less than 3 mg/l. Astemizole (iv) Coelomocytes effectively uptake the 100- and 50-nm ZnO NPs up to 3 mg/l exposure dose within 24 to 36 h without causing any significant DNA damage. The study explicitly implies the NP recognition involved in cellular uptake as well as sub- and inter-cellular events that may uncover further intriguing insights into the earthworm as nanoscavenger. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, to carry out this study. References 1. Hanley C, Thurber A, Hanna C, Punnoose A, Zhang J, Wingett DG: The influence of cell type and ZnO nanoparticle size on immune cell cytotoxicity and cytokine induction. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009,4(12):1409–1420.CrossRef 2.