It is also important to provide a large amount of cells at the site of regeneration. For this purpose, PDL cell sheet technology has been developed and successfully regenerated both new bone and cementum connecting with collagen fibers in canine periodontal defect

models [29]. However, none of these cell transplantation models showed the complete click here regeneration of horizontally lost periodontal tissues. Therefore, periodontal tissue still remains one of the most difficult tissues to achieve complete regeneration because many clinical and biological variables may affect the regeneration process. Firstly, this tissue is always in contact with the outside environment of the oral KPT-330 order cavity, and is at risk of infection during the regeneration process. Secondly, several types of mechanical stresses are also loaded onto periodontal tissue: one is from occlusal forces and the other is the tension stress from gingiva and mucosal membranes, which disrupts horizontally resorbed periodontal tissue. As shown in Fig. 1, it may be difficult to overcome these environmental factors and induce complete periodontal regeneration without

the “golden” triad of cell/signaling molecule/scaffold for conventional regenerative medicine. It is important to maintain the space of horizontally lost tissues and protect regenerating tissues from infection and mechanical stresses. The last component of the tissue engineering MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit triad is the scaffold. Table 3 shows the scaffold materials used for growth factor therapy aimed at periodontal regeneration [30]. Polymeric scaffolds commonly have porous and biodegradable structures fabricated from natural/synthetic materials, and have been tailored to films, fibers, sheets, gels, and sponges [31]. Inorganic materials also have been used for periodontal regeneration

to specifically regenerate alveolar bone defects, including hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium phosphates (CaP). CaP materials such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) have excellent properties including: (1) a similar composition to bone minerals; (2) the ability to form bone apatite-like materials or carbonate HA; (3) the ability to stimulate cells, leading to the formation of bone-CaP; and (4) osteoconductivity [32]. HA is the major mineral component (approx. 60%) of human hard tissues, and is often clinically applied to fill alveolar bone defects (shown in Table 1). HA can eliminate donor site morbidity, but can lead to granular migration and incomplete resorption, resulting in long-term difficulties [33]. β-TCP has been shown to be an osteoconductive material, allowing for bone growth onto the scaffold adjacent to bony surfaces in both animal and human studies [34] and [35], and has been clinically applied in combination with PDGF [36].