In the United States, Europe, and Japan, hepatitis C virus (HCV)

In the United States, Europe, and Japan, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major etiology of liver cirrhosis and HCC. Hepatitis virus B (HBV) infection, however, is the

leading cause of HCC development in most Asian countries other than Japan. In addition to HBV and HCV infection, alcoholic cirrhosis and metabolic disorders can also act as risk factors for HCC [145]. c-Myc is among the most frequently overexpressed genes in human cancers. Overexpression of c-Myc in hepatic cells leads to the development of hepatocellular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical carcinoma [146]. However, an attempt has been made by Pan et al. to suppress the expression of c-myc gene and C-Myc protein in the tumor bearing cell. Polyamidoamine dendrimer modified CNTs (dMWCNTs) were fabricated for the efficient Nutlin-3a solubility dmso delivery of antisense c-myc Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical oligonucleotide (asODN) into liver cancer cell line HepG2 cells. asODN-dMWCNTs composites were incubated with HepG2 cells and

confirmed to enter into tumor cells within 15min by laser confocal microscopy. These composites inhibited the cell growth in time and dose dependent means and downregulated the expression of the c-myc gene and C-Myc protein. These composites exhibit Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical maximal transfection efficiencies and inhibition effects on tumor cells when compared to CNT-NH2-asODN and dendrimer (asODN) alone [123]. Meng et al. constructed a highly effective targeted DDS based on chitosan and folic acid modified SWCNTs for controllable

loading/release of anticancer agent doxorubicin (DOX). The obtained DDS not only effectively killed the hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cell lines and depressed the growth of liver cancer but also displayed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical much less in vivo toxicity than free doxorubicin [129]. 5.6. Lymph Node Metastasis The presence of lymph node invasion is one of the strongest indicators for prognoses of distant metastasis and survival in most cancers. In the multistep process of cancer metastasis development, invasion into a vascular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or a lymphatic system has generally been believed to be a key step of tumor cell dissemination. Once tumor cells acquire abilities of intravasation and survival in an unfavorable vascular environment, they circulate around the whole body parts to form new tumors at the secondary site [147]. Lymph node metastasis is a powerful predictor of recurrence and death in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes develops during Levetiracetam the course of the disease in approximately 30% of patients with cutaneous melanoma [148]. Yang et al. compared the in vitro and in vivo potential therapeutic effect of gemcitabine (GEM) loaded magnetic MWCNTs (mMWCNTs) with that of gemcitabine loaded magnetic-carbon particles (mACs). His finding reflects the high antitumor activity in human pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cells of both the systems when compared along with free drug.

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