HG participated in the design of the study and has given final approval of the version to be published. XWH participated in the design of the study, has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Aromatic compounds, one of the most abundant classes of natural carbon compounds, accumulate primarily due to the degradation of plant-derived molecules (e.g., lignin). These structurally diverse compounds are independently converted to a small number of structurally simpler common intermediates, such as catechol and protocatechuate, which are subsequently metabolized to tricarboxylic acid intermediates

via the β-ketoadipate pathway [1–3]. Therefore, many soil bacteria are characterized by considerable metabolic flexibility and AZD1390 in vivo physiological adaptability with a minimum number of functional proteins. The β-ketoadipate pathway for degradation of aromatic compounds is widely distributed

among bacteria. In addition, the Tideglusib price microbial degradation of aromatic compounds has tremendous environmental significance. Therefore, the metabolic and genomic characteristics of the aromatic catabolic pathways from Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Geobacterter Selleckchem FHPI and Dechloromonas have been studied extensively [2, 4–6]. For example, A. baylyi ADP1 (formerly known as Acinetobacter sp. ADP1) and P. putida Acetophenone KT2440 have long been used as a model for studying aromatic compound biodegradation and have contributed greatly to the elucidation of gene regulation of the β-ketoadipate pathway.

In A. baylyi ADP1, the β-ketoadipate pathway consists of two parallel branches for the conversion of catechol and protocatechuate, which are derived from benzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, respectively [1]. At least 19 genes involved in the peripheral pathways for the catabolism of benzoate (ben) and 4-hydroxybenzoate (pob) and in the catechol (cat) and protocatechuate (pca) branches of the β-ketoadipate pathway have been identified in A. baylyi ADP1 [4]. P. putida KT2440 is another well-characterized bacterium capable of utilizing benzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate [2, 7–9]. Genome sequence analysis of strain KT2440 predicts the existence of the protocatechuate (pca genes) and catechol (cat genes) branches of the β-ketoadipate pathway [2]. Further enzymatic studies and amino acid sequence data revealed that the pob, pca, ben and cat gene products are highly conserved in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas strains. These products are usually synthesized in the presence of their respective substrates. Two different regulatory proteins, an XylS-type BenR in P. putida [9] and a LysR-type BenM in A. baylyi [10], are known to be involved in activating the ben gene expression in response to benzoate. In most cases, BenR/BenM is necessary for the ben expression but not for the expression of the cat genes, which can be regulated by CatR/CatM [11, 12].