(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3597788]“
“We propose a parametric class of phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures that are sensitive to both species abundance and species taxonomic or phylogenetic distances. This work extends the conventional parametric species-neutral approach (based on ‘effective number of species’ or Hill numbers) to take into account species relatedness, AZD8931 chemical structure and also generalizes the traditional phylogenetic

approach (based on ‘total phylogenetic length’) to incorporate species abundances. The proposed measure quantifies ‘the mean effective number of species’ over any time interval of interest, or the ‘effective number of maximally distinct lineages’ over that time interval. The product of the measure and the interval length quantifies the ‘branch diversity’ of the phylogenetic tree during that interval. The new measures generalize and unify many existing measures and lead to a natural definition of taxonomic diversity as a special case. The replication principle (or doubling property), an important requirement for species-neutral diversity, is generalized to PD. The widely used Rao’s quadratic entropy and the phylogenetic entropy do not satisfy this essential property, but a simple transformation

converts each to our measures, which do satisfy the property. The proposed approach is applied to forest data for interpreting the effects of thinning.”
“Termicin is a defensin-like antimicrobial peptide of termites that has strong antifungal PU-H71 research buy activity. Fifty-six different termicin mRNAs encoding 46 different peptides were amplified and identified from Odontotermes formosanus (Termitidae), a species that inhabits environments with a large variety of microbial fauna. In contrast, only 38 different termicin mRNAs encoding 21 different peptides were amplified and identified from Reticulitermes chinensis (Rhinotermitidae). All mRNAs were

amplified by reverse transcript PCR, with primers designed from reported termicin mRNA sequences. All of these genes showed high intraspecific sequence identity and were found to be highly selleck products homologous with other reported termicin genes. These two termite species live in different environments; the latter encounters relatively fewer pathogens in its habitat. We conclude that differences in microenvironmental pressure can affect the number of termicin genes expressed in termite species.”
“Efficient Nd3+ -> Yb3+ resonant and phonon- assisted energy transfer processes have been observed in phosphate glasses and have been studied using steady- state and time- resolved optical spectroscopies. Results indicate that the energy transfer occurs via nonradiative electric dipole- dipole processes and is enhanced with the concentration of Yb3+ acceptor ions, having an efficiency higher than 75% for the glass doped with 1 mol% of Nd2O3 and 4 mol% of Yb2O3.