As it can be seen from the data, clear solutions F1 and F2 show particle size 50 or less than 50 nm.Whereas formulations F3, F4 and F5 with semi-transparent appearance show the particle size of more than 200 nm. The TEM image taken for the formulations F5 and F6 are shown in Fig. 3b and c, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. 3b, the size of the nanoparticles formed in F5 are larger than 400 nm, where as for F6 the particle

size observed was around 50 nm or below (Fig. 3c). TEM scans for F5 and F6 are shown in the figure as they represented higher and lower particle size range morphology. In Table 2, particle size of formulations F6, F7 and F8 (where fixed concentration of T-80 (8% w/v) is maintained with decreased concentration of PEG 400), is approximately below 50 nm. These observations suggest the required concentration of

T-80 to get a clear turbid free formulation. Any efforts to reduce its Selleckchem Veliparib concentration below 6% w/v in the stoichiometry of T-80 and PEG 400 could lead to a turbid formulation and subsequent higher nanoparticle size. It is essential to maintain isotonicity for the intravenous application of formulations. Non-ionic substances such as glycerol or carbohydrate are recommended for use to maintain isotonicity in formulations. However, addition of salts such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride would result in compression of the diffused layer resulting buy XL184 in a reduction of the zeta potential and consequently electrostatic destabilization [23]. In our experiments we achieved this objective with non-ionic substances such as T-80 and PEG 400. Osmomat with freezing point depression technique was used to measure the osmolarity of the formulations F1 to F8. Formulations F1 and F2 showed higher osmolarity values 0.453 and 0.521 osmol kg−1 respectively (Table 3). Where as F3 to F5 formulations were ranging from 0.325 to 0.412 osmol kg−1 (Table 3). These formulations had osmolarity physiologically similar to mouse blood and tissue ranging

from 0.310–0.340 osmol kg−1[24] . No significant change in the osmolarity value was observed with decreasing concentrations Etofibrate of the T-80. On the other hand, formulations F6 to F8 showed osmolarity ranging from 0.270 to 0.107 osmol kg−1 (Table 3). Among these, F6 formulation was closer to the osmolarity value of the mouse blood and tissue, where as, other two formulations F7 and F8 were very much below the required physiological isotonicity value. This indicates that osmolarity increased proportionally with incremental rise in concentrations of PEG 400 and, it is the vital constituent responsible for the osmolarity to the formulations. The zeta potential is one of the important parameter that underlines the aggregation behavior of the formulations. Accordingly, formulations F1–F8 were subjected to zeta potential studies to evaluate their aggregation behavior. The data obtained from the studies are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.