Alternatively, a single subtype was detected in the 26OB5 and 26OB6 clusters in the MLVA, whereas five and three subtypes were detected in the 26OB5 and 26OB6 clusters, respectively, in the PFGE analysis. Nevertheless, most of these results were consistent with each other, as in the case of O111OB3, where all the isolates exhibited 100% similarity in both the analyses. Genotyping is a powerful and useful tool for epidemiological investigation;

for example, during outbreaks of infectious diseases. MLVA is a newly developed genotyping method for bacterial infectious diseases and is based on differences between the isolates with regard to the repeat copy numbers selleck kinase inhibitor in certain genomic loci. Dozens of bacterial species, including EHEC Selleckchem KU-60019 O157, have been studied using this method (6, 7). Owing to its simplicity and discriminating power, it is considered one of the methods of the next generation to PFGE, which is currently the golden method of genotyping. MLVA can be accomplished through PCR and electrophoresis. The results are converted to digitalized

repeat copy numbers, which can be clearly evaluated for each isolate. MLVA is also a rapid method—the results can be obtained within several hours after isolation (16). MLVA, however, requires high-quality electrophoresis facilities, such as an automatic sequencer, which has a high cost of implementation. Further, for the start-up process, genome sequences of target bacterial agents are required, and the efficacy of an MLVA system can be affected by information on the genome sequences analyzed. That is, increasing availability of the genome sequences of a given bacterial species increases the efficiency of MLVA. In the present study, we developed and evaluated the efficiency of an expanded MLVA system that was designed for analyzing the EHEC O26 and O111 isolates as well as the EHEC O157 isolates. The three serogroups account for more than 95% of

the EHEC isolated in Japan (5). The results of evaluation of the MLVA system that is now being routinely used for analyzing EHEC O157 isolates (7) indicate that it is not applicable to the EHEC O26 and O111 isolates. Most loci were not amplified by PCR, even if any amplification occurred, Atezolizumab the repeat copy numbers exhibited less variation among the EHEC O26 and O111 isolates (Fig. 1). Comparison and re-inspection of the genome sequences also resulted in correction of interpretation of the O157-34 locus (Fig. 2). By modifying the O157-9 primer and including nine additional loci, six of which were newly developed in the present study, we finally developed an improved MLVA system that can be used for genotyping EHEC O157, O26, and O111. All the loci adopted in this study exhibited D values of more than 0.