NeuroReport 22:935-938 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“This review presents a summary of recent efforts in understanding

the systems of the brain involved in motor imagery. Motor imagery likely involves many cortical regions in its generation, Selleckchem NCT-501 but in action may also involve subcortical structures. The parietal lobe seems to be particularly important, as demonstrated by brain imaging studies and patients with lesions of this region. Brain activity correlated with imagery may be related to an efference copy used to compare with peripheral sensory signals for the correction of movement. Amputees with phantom representations have also provided valuable information in this field, as they demonstrate cortical

reorganization, which also alters imagery of the missing limb. The following summary explores the recent difficult and challenging studies used to tease out motor imagery in man. NeuroReport 22:939-942 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer FRAX597 research buy Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“During the past decade, a large amount of work on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been performed, including the development of new paradigms of stimulation, the integration of imaging data, and the coupling of TMS techniques with electroencephalography or neuroimaging. These accumulating data being difficult to synthesize, several French scientific societies commissioned a group of experts to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on TMS. This text contains all the consensual findings of the expert group on the mechanisms of action, safety rules and indications of TMS, including repetitive TMS (rTMS). TMS sessions have been conducted in thousands of healthy subjects or patients with various neurological or psychiatric diseases, allowing a better assessment of risks associated with this technique. The number of reported side effects is extremely low, the most serious complication being the occurrence of seizures. In most reported tuclazepam seizures, the stimulation

parameters did not follow the previously published recommendations (Wassermann, 1998) [430] and rTMS was associated to medication that could lower the seizure threshold. Recommendations on the safe use of TMS / rTMS were recently updated (Rossi et al., 2009) [348], establishing new limits for stimulation parameters and fixing the contraindications. The recommendations we propose regarding safety are largely based on this previous report with some modifications. By contrast, the issue of therapeutic indications of rTMS has never been addressed before, the present work being the first attempt of a synthesis and expert consensus on this topic. The use of TMS/rTMS is discussed in the context of chronic pain, movement disorders, stroke, epilepsy, tinnitus and psychiatric disorders.