The strength of diffusional screening is also related to the number of capillaries within a villus.

Our measures of diffusional efficiency are shown to decrease as a function of the number of capillaries per villus. This low efficiency, high capillary number relationship supports our hypothesis that diffusional screening is present in this system. Oxygen transport per capillary is reduced when multiple capillaries

compete for diffusing oxygen. A complete picture of oxygen fluxes, capillary and villus areas is obtainable and presents an opportunity for future work. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) of exogenous antigens on MHC class I is important for the generation of immune responses to intracellular pathogens, as well as for maintenance of self tolerance. In mice, the CD8(+) DC lineage is specialised for this role. However, MEK162 concentration DCs of this lineage are not born with cross-presentation capacity. Several studies have demonstrated that it must be induced as a later developmental step selleckchem by cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or by microbial products such as toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Increased cross-presentation capacity is

thus induced in peripheral CD8 lineage DCs during inflammation or infection. However, this capacity is already fully developed in steady-state thymic CD8(+) DCs, in accordance with their role in the deletion of self-reactive developing T cells.”
“Disruption of blood vessels caused by a spinal cord injury leads to tissue hypoxia. This hypoxic condition reduces the survival of transplanted stem cells, consequentially decreasing the effectiveness of stem cell therapy. In this study, we investigated the correlation between angiogenesis and the survival of transplanted neural stem cells in a spinal cord injury model. Hypoxia-specific luciferase-expressing neural stem cells (EpoSV-Luc NSC) were used as a tool

for the detection of hypoxia caused by a spinal cord injury. In vivo, angiogenesis by cotransplantation LDC000067 of endothelial cells quickly recovered tissue hypoxia caused by a spinal cord injury. As a result, cotransplantation of endothelial cells improved the survival of neural stem cells transplanted into the injured spinal cord. NeuroReport 23:658-662 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“In a novel approach based on the principles of dynamic systems theory, we analyzed the tracks of pigeons recorded with the help of miniaturized GPS recorders. Using the method of time lag embedding, we calculated the largest Lyapunov exponent to determine the system’s predictability and the correlation dimension to estimate the number of factors involved. A low Lyapunov exponent around 0.02, which proved to be rather constant over all calculations, indicates that the navigational process is almost deterministic.