Although the treatment for leishmaniasis was introduced in the early 20th century, parenteral administration of pentavalent antimony compounds (meglumine antimoniate and

sodium stibogluconate) remains the first-choice treatment for all forms of leishmaniasis [7]. In the case of antimonial resistance, the second-choice treatment includes amphotericin B (deoxycholate or liposomal formulation) [7]. However, each of these therapies has important limitations, such as long-term Selleck Ceritinib parenteral administration, toxic side effects, high cost in endemic countries and an increase in number of resistance cases [8]. A major breakthrough in chemotherapy of VL was the discovery of miltefosine, an analogue of phosphatidylcholine initially developed as an anticancer agent [9]. It is not recommended during pregnancy as teratogenicity has been observed in one species during preclinical development. Moreover,

its cost is another limiting factor [10]. Till date, no ideal drugs are available that fulfil the major requirements for efficient antileishmanial therapy, including high efficacy, low toxicity, easy administration, low costs and avoiding occurrence of drug-resistant parasites [11]. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II; CDDP) is a platinum-based anticancerous drug, which mediates its action by forming cross-link of DNA ultimately triggering apoptosis, or programmed cell death [12], and is also known to enhance the cytotoxic immunity [13]. An in vivo antileishmanial study with cisplatin at low dose also resulted in decreased parasite burden, increased BMS-777607 delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, initial transient and reversible increase in various liver and kidney function tests [14]. It is well known that nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting factor of cisplatin, so later on, Sharma et al. [15] investigated the protective efficacy of high dose of cisplatin in combination with antioxidants (Silibinin, vitamin C and

vitamin E) which effectively reversed the toxic side effects caused by the drug. So an auxiliary therapeutic measure that might enhance the efficacy of these antileishmanials or reduce the resulting toxicity would be valuable. Immunochemotherapy O-methylated flavonoid has been used with various combinations of drugs and vaccines mostly in case of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Some of them are sodium stibogluconate with poly ICLC (Polyinosinic-po lycytidilic acid) plus arginine [16], antimony with interferon–gamma [17], N-methyl meglumine antimoniate with recombinant Leish-110f plus MPL-SE vaccine [18], killed Leishmania promastigotes with antimonials [19] and alum precipitated autoclaved Leishmania promastigote (ALUM/ALM) plus BCG with sodium stibogluconate [20]. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis is often compromised due to suppression of immune function during the course of infection.