01 M, pH 6.01) at 70 °C for 10 min, followed by incubation in 0.075 g/ml trypsin (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, USA) in PBS at 37 °C for 5 min. Then, the sections were pre-incubated with 10% normal donkey serum (NDS) (Chemicon, Temecula, USA) in PBS-G. All antibodies and the Vectastain ABC Standard alkaline phosphatase mix (ABC-AP) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) were diluted in 2% NDS. To detect GFP, the sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with a polyclonal rabbit-anti-GFP antibody (1:300) (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). Subsequently, biotinylated

Small molecule library cost donkey-anti-rabbit (1:500) (Jackson Labs, West Grove, PA, USA) was added. Next, the sections were treated with ABC-AP, and washed with Tris–HCl (pH 8.2). Fast Blue substrate (Sigma Chemical CO, St Louis, MO, USA) was freshly prepared, and applied to the sections. The reaction was stopped in demineralized water (Milli-Q pore system, Millipore SA, Molsheim, France), and the sections were washed in PBS and pre-incubated again for double-staining with the following primary mouse monoclonal antibodies: (A) Anti αSMA (Sigma Chemical CO), 1:1600, 1 h at room temperature to detect myofibroblasts. Next goat-anti-mouse-AlexaFluor-594

Akt inhibitor (1:200, 1 h at room temperature) (Invitrogen/Molecular) was added. Finally, the sections were washed, and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (Roche Diagnostics Nederland BV, Almere, The Netherlands). A 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane solution (DABCO, Sigma Chemical CO) solution in Tris–buffered glycerin was used as anti-fading agent. Slides were stored in the dark at 4 °C. Photographs were taken on a Carl Zeiss Imager Z.1 system (Carl Zeiss Microimaging Gmbh, Jena, Germany). GFP photos were acquired under bright field conditions. The other sections were photographed with fluorescent settings. The GFP images were inverted and merged with the fluorescent images to reveal co-localization using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, Thalidomide USA). The fraction of GFP-positive mononuclear cells was determined in the blood of GFP-transgenic rats and recipient rats by flow cytometry. In three sections of each mucoperiosteal tissue sample, αSMA-positive cells

and nuclei were counted in the wound and control area within a frame with a width of 50 μm and a depth of 300 μm. GFP-positive and GFP/αSMA double-positive cells were counted in a larger area of 200 μm wide because they are less abundant. The epithelium was excluded. The fraction of the other bone marrow-derived cell types in the mucoperiosteum was estimated in three rats with a high fraction of GFP-positive cells in the wound tissues. Three tissue sections were used to determine the number of double-positive cells as described above. In the tissue sections from the skin similar countings were performed but the selected areas had a depth of 500 μm and a width of 300–600 μm. Epithelial cells, cells in blood vessels, muscle cells, and hair follicle cells were excluded.