CONCLUSION: Mainstreaming into the NTP of this unique model of MDR-TB management through a dynamic public-private collaboration can be considered best practice in implementation science of an evidence-based intervention leading to change in health care policy and practice.”
“New interspinous process decompression devices (IPDs) provide an alternative to conservative treatment and decompressive surgery for patients with neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) due to degenerative lumbar spinal Ispinesib chemical structure stenosis (DLSS). APERIUS(A (R)) is a minimally invasive IPD that can be implanted percutaneously. This multicentre prospective study was designed to make a preliminary evaluation of safety and effectiveness of this

IPD up to 12 months post-implantation.

After percutaneous implantation in 156 patients with NIC due to DLSS, data on symptoms, quality of life, pain, and use of pain medication were obtained for up to 12 months.

Early symptom and physical function improvements were maintained for up to 12 months, when 60 and 58 % of patients maintained an improvement higher than the Minimum Clinically GSK1120212 cell line Important

Difference for Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ) symptom severity and physical function, respectively. Leg, buttock/groin, and back pain were eased throughout, and the use and strength of related pain medication were reduced. Devices were removed from 9 % of patients due to complications or lack of effectiveness.

Overall, in a period of up to 12 months follow-up, the safety and effectiveness of the APERIUS(A (R)) offered Dinaciclib manufacturer a minimally invasive option for the relief of NIC complaints in a high proportion of patients. Further studies are underway to provide insight on outcomes and effectiveness compared to other decompression methods, and to develop guidance

on optimal patient selection.”
“SETTING: Breast tuberculosis (TB) is rare even in endemic areas. Its presentation is variable and non-specific, and its diagnosis is therefore usually delayed.

DESIGN: We recruited breast TB cases between 1998 and June 2009 at Kaohsiung Medical Center in southern Taiwan. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features, diagnosis and management of breast TB.

RESULTS: A total of 26 patients with breast TB (25 females) were included in this study. The most common presentation was breast tumour, followed by breast abscess and painful sensation. Patients received partial mastectomy or incision and drainage. The pathological examination revealed granulomatous inflammation, acute and chronic inflammation or both. Polymerase chain reaction has very low sensitivity in diagnosing breast TB. The interval between initial presentation and definite treatment was an average of 54.5 days. All patients received anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, with excellent response.

CONCLUSION: The presentation of breast TB is variable and diagnosis is usually delayed.

“
“Purpose Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is not only a degree of health find more but also reflects patient perceptions and expectations of health. For children with brain tumors, better understanding of HRQOL requires the use of complementary reports from parents and interviewer-administered reports for children. Here, we aimed to test whether or not the trait anxiety of children and the psychological distress of their parents influence children’s and parents’ responses to HRQOL

questionnaires, and whether or not the report-administration method for children influences children’s responses to HRQOL questionnaires.

Methods One hundred and thirty-four children aged 5-18 with brain tumors and one of their parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (TM) (PedsQL (TM)) Brain Tumor Module questionnaires. In addition, the children also completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the parents also completed the Kessler-10 (K10) and health and sociodemographic characteristics questionnaires. The child questionnaires were administered either by the child (self-administered) or an interviewer. Rater-dependent VX-765 concentration perceptions about HRQOL were derived from the subscales scores of the PedsQL (TM) Brain Tumor Module using structural equation

modeling based on a multitrait-multimethod model. The STAIC trait-anxiety score, K10 score, report-administration method, and other health and sociodemographic factors related to each child’s or parent’s perceptions were identified through multiple linear regression analyses of the questionnaire responses. We used a path analysis to estimate the change in a PedsQL (TM) child-reported score that occurs when interviewer-administration changes the child’s perception about HRQOL.

Results Surveys for 89 children were self-administered while those for 45 were interviewer-administered. The perceptions of the children

and parents were calculated by fitting data to the model (chi-squared P = 0.087, normed fit index = 0.932, comparative fit index = 0.978, standardized root mean squared see more residual = 0.053, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.054). The children’s perception of HRQOL was affected by their STAIC trait-anxiety score (b = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.25]). The parent’s perception was affected by their child’s treatment status (b = 0.26, 95% CI [ 0.09, 0.43]), the parent’s K10 score (b = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.37, -0.04]), and by education level (b = 0.17, 95% CI [ 0.00, 0.34]). The change in the child-reported PedsQL (TM) score in relation to the method of administration ranged from -1.1 (95% CI: -3.5, 1.3) on the procedural anxiety subscale to -2.5 (95% CI: -7.6, 2.6) on the movement and balance subscale.

Conclusion Child-reporting of HRQOL is little influenced by the method of administration.

Therefore, submicrospheres with different glass-transition temperatures could be obtained through the variation of the copolymer composition. In

addition, relationships between the monomer feed concentration (M(0)) and the Mark-Houwink constant (alpha) for the copolymer submicrospheres were proposed. The molecular weights of the copolymer submicrospheres decreased sharply with an increase in the weight fraction of n-butyl methacrylate. On the contrary, the particle diameter increased linearly from 277 to 335 nm with an increase in the weight fraction of n-butyl methacrylate. The a values decreased with an increase in M(0), and this indicated Tideglusib in vivo that the branched structures of the copolymer submicrospheres were easily obtained

when M(0) was higher than 0.11 g/mL of water. Consequently, the results of this study are expected to provide useful information for the synthesis of monodisperse copolymer submicrospheres by soap-free emulsion polymerization. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 2945-2953, 2011″
“Density functional theory was used to evaluate the impact of small voids on grain boundary densification in polycrystalline diamond films. The results provide atomic scale insight into tensile ATM inhibitor stress evolution during polycrystalline film growth, where prior modeling has been largely based on continuum descriptions. Diamond is an ideal material for these studies because the atomic mobility is extremely low and thus a variety of other mechanisms that influence stress evolution can be safely ignored. For the boundary configurations that were investigated, selleckchem the results indicate that significantly more densification occurs when missing

atoms at grain boundaries are clustered together to form nanovoids. Increased densification also occurs with a configuration where missing atoms are in close proximity, but not directly adjacent to each other. Calculations with hydrogen trapped in the nanovoids indicate that repulsive forces can induce compressive stresses instead. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3544366]“
“Because many visuospatial memory tests do not reliably detect right medial temporal lobe (MTL) dysfunction, we developed a novel object recognition test using complex three-dimensional stimuli. To influence encoding strategy, half the stimuli were multicolored (color towers) and accompanied by verbally based instructions, and half were gray (gray towers) and accompanied by visuospatially based instructions. In Experiment 1, healthy subjects completed the test while performing verbal or visuospatial interference tasks or without interference. In Experiment 2, patients with unilateral amygdalohippocampectomies for intractable epilepsy completed the test without interference. Results suggest that color tower recognition was partially dependent on verbal processing and sensitive to MTL lesions in general.

The results show that

the CSP with poly[styrene-b-cellulose 2,3-bis(3,5-diphenylcarbamate)] could be used in THF and chloroform as eluents. The chiral resolutions of the commercial Chiracel OD, the CSP with cellulose 2,3-bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarabmate), BAY 73-4506 ic50 and the CSP with poly[styrene-b-cellulose 2,3-bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)] prepared by SI-ATRP were examined. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122:3016-3022, 2011″
“PURPOSE: To compare 2 methods for optimizing the final central vault of a collagen copolymer posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) (Visian Implantable Col lamer Lens) in eyes with keratoconus and myopia.

SETTING: Private practice, Beverly Hills, California, USA.

DESIGN: Comparative high throughput screening compounds interventional study.

METHODS: The length of the pIOL to implant in keratoconic eyes with myopia was selected based on the white-to-white (WTW) distance or the sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) distance using the pIOL manufacturer’s protocol. The final central vault distance was compared a minimum of 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: The pIOL length was based on WTW measurements in 8 eyes of 6 patients and on STS measurements in 8 eyes of 5 patients. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the mean preoperative WTW distance, STS distance, or manifest refraction

spherical equivalent (MRSE) (P = .22, P = .37, and P = 1.00, respectively). The mean postoperative vault was 1.03 corneal thickness +/- 0.72 (SD) in the WTW group and 1.18 +/- 0.35 corneal thickness in the STS group (P = .61). The vault

distance was less than 1.0 corneal thickness in 3 eyes (37.5%) in the WTW group and 1 eye (12.5%) in the STS group. A small postoperative vault was associated with a high preoperative MRSE (P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS: YM155 The WTW and STS methods both provided adequate final central pIOL vault in keratoconic eyes with myopia. The STS calculations gave greater final vault and higher vault predictability, although the difference between the 2 methods was not statistically significant.”
“The analysis of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis has been transformed by several recent profound technology developments. The most noteworthy of these are ‘digital PCR’ and ‘next-generation sequencing’ (NGS), which might finally deliver the long-sought goal of noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy. Recent data, however, indicate that NGS might even be able to offer a much more detailed appraisal of the fetal genome, including paternal and maternal inheritance of point mutations for mendelian disorders such as beta-thalassaemia. Although these developments are very exciting, in their current form they are still too complex and costly, and will need to be simplified considerably for their optimal translation to the clinic.

Gap difference means, for example, if SV is at L2 and LIV is at Th12, then the difference of SV-LIV is 2; (5) the preoperative deviation of LIV + 1 (the first vertebra below the

instrumentation) from the CSVL (the vertical line that bisects proximal sacrum). Five methods for determining LIV were compared in both the adding-on group and no adding-on group.

Results. Out of the 278 patients reviewed, 45 met the inclusion criteria; 23 of these met the definition for distal adding-on, and were included in the adding-on group. The remaining 22 patients were included in the no adding-on group. The learn more average follow-up was 3.6 years. Age, SV-LIV difference, EV-LIV difference,

and LIV + 1 deviation from CSVL were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the two groups, and were also found to be significantly correlated with the presence of adding-on (P < 0.05). Preoperative Cobb angle, correction rate, and Sapanisertib research buy NV-LIV difference were not found to be affiliated with the presence of adding-on. Multiple logistic regression results indicated that preoperative LIV + 1 deviation from CSVL was an independent predictive factor. Among the five methods, choosing EV as LIV was nearly unable to prevent distal adding-on; choosing EV + 1 as LIV resulted in fusing many more segments than necessary; only choosing DV as LIV showed satisfactory outcome from both perspectives.

Conclusion. In Lenke 1A type scoliosis, the selection of LIV is highly correlated with the presence of adding-on; incidence increases dramatically when the preoperative LIV + 1 deviation from CSVL is more than 10 mm. Choosing DV (the first vertebra in cephalad direction from sacrum with deviation from CSVL of more than 10 mm) as LIV may provide the best outcome as it not only prevents adding-on but also conserves more lumbar motion.”
“Malignant

variants of ameloblastoma include metastasizing ameloblastoma, which microscopically appears benign but has metastasized GNS-1480 clinical trial and ameloblastic carcinoma that exhibits malignant histopathologic features. Ameloblastic carcinoma is classified into 2 types: a primary odontogenic malignancy and a secondary type resulting from malignant transformation of ameloblastoma. Most secondary ameloblastic carcinomas result from malignant transformation of a primary lesion after repeated postsurgical recurrences. Therefore it is rare to find an untreated secondary type presenting with histologic features of malignant transformation from an earlier benign lesion. We experienced a rare case of ameloblastic carcinoma, secondary type which might arise in an untreated ameloblastoma. The mechanism by which a preexisting benign ameloblastoma goes through a malignant transformation is also described.

05). These results suggest that phytochemicals, which can be found in a normal diet, inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation and regulate the expression of the proteins involved in apoptosis and cell cycle.”
“In times of dwindling fossil fuels it is particularly crucial to develop novel “”green”" technologies in order to cover the increasing worldwide demand for energy. Organic photovoltaic solar cells (OPVs) are promising as a renewable energy source due to low energy requirement for production, low resource extraction, and no emission of greenhouse gasses during use. In contrast to

silicium-based solar cells, OPVs offer the advantages of light-weight, semi-transparency and mechanical flexibility. As to a possible forthcoming large-scale

production, the environmental impact of such OPVs should be assessed buy LY3023414 and compared to currently best available technologies. For the first time, this review compiles the existing knowledge and identifies gaps regarding the environmental impact of such OPVs in a systematic manner. In this regard, we discuss the components of a typical OPV layer by layer. We discuss the probability of enhanced release of OPV-borne components into the environment during use-phase (e.g. UV- and biodegradation) and end-of-life phase (e.g. incineration and waste disposal). For this purpose, we compiled available data on bioavailability, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and ecotoxicity.

AZD1208 in vitro Whereas considerable research has already been carried out concerning the ecotoxicity of certain OPV components (e.g. nanoparticles and fullerenes), others have not been investigated at all so far. In conclusion, there is a general lack of information about fate, behavior as well as potential ecotoxicity of most of the main OPV components and their degradation/transformation products. So far, there is no evidence for a worrying threat coming from OPVs, but since at present, no policy and procedures regarding recycling of OPVs are in action, in particular improper disposal upon end-of-life might result in an adverse effect of OPVs in the environment when applied in large-scale. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Present study mainly focused on investigating the feasibility of waste loquat kernels as substrate https://www.sellecn.cn/products/eft-508.html in submerged culture of Sclerotium rolfsii MT-6 for scleroglucan production. Loquat kernel contained high protein (22.5%) and total carbohydrate (71.2%) contents. Dried and powdered kernels were subjected to acid hydrolysis with 2 N HCl. The obtained hydrolysate was used for the preparation of loquat kernel extract (LKE) and detoxified loquat kernel extract (DLKE). S. rolfsii MT-6 was isolated from fermented squash (Cucurbita pepo). Optimal conditions for scleroglucan production were initial pH 5.0, shaking speed 150 rpm, 28 degrees C, and cultivation time of 72 hr.

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 77-91, 2012″
“Dust particles in discharge are often levitated in a sheath region

Selleckchem BTSA1 rather than in bulk plasma under gravitational conditions (on Earth). Gravity compresses dust clouds, and the gravitational force restricts the motion of the dust particles. Microgravity gives the plasmas, including dust particles, so-called complex (dusty) plasmas, where dust particles are embedded in a completely charge-neutral region of the bulk plasma. The dust cloud, as an uncompressed strongly-coupled Coulomb system, corresponds to an atomic model with physical phenomena, e. g., crystallization, phase transition, and so on. Since the phenomena are tightly connected to plasma states expressed by plasma parameters, it is significant to estimate the plasma parameters, such as electron density and temperature. The present work shows the electron density measured by the frequency shift probe in the apparatus for microgravity experiments currently boarding on the International Space Station (PK-3 plus). The frequency shift probe measurement gave electron density in the order of 10(8) cm(-3) as a typical value in the apparatus, and demonstrated the detection of electrons in plasmas with dust particles. The spatial distribution profile of the electron density

obtained in this measurement presents an aspect for the void selleck kinase inhibitor formation of dust clouds under microgravity. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3606431]“
“Paraneoplastic coagulation disorders associated with benign and malignant gynecological tumors have been reported. However,

reports on cutaneous purpural manifestation of paraneoplastic coagulopathy in cases of gynecological tumors are extremely limited.

A 40-year-old woman was referred due to generalized ecchymosis 7 years after laparoscopic-assisted myomectomy. Coagulogram was markedly deranged with severe thrombocytopenia. After hematological disorders were excluded, image diagnostic modalities showed multiple intramyometrial heterogeneous mass lesions with extensive intratumoral hemorrhage. Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy was performed with supplementation of coagulation factors and platelets. Histological examination showed www.sellecn.cn/products/azd1080.html intramyometrial low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) coexistent with adenomyosis. Coagulation disorder immediately disappeared after hysterectomy and the postoperative course was uneventful. Recurrence of either ESS or coagulopathy has not been noted 15 months postoperatively, to date.

This case illustrates a rare but potentially life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy caused by intramyometrial low-grade ESS that was assumed to secondarily arise from stromal cells of adenomyosis developed in postmyomectomy scar.”
“The melting behaviors and crystal structures of a long alkyl chain polyamide and nylon 18 18, were investigated under annealing and isothermal crystallization conditions.

Based on these bioassays, unbounded no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) in soil for As and Pb were 128 and 390 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. However, our range of soil concentrations generally overlapped a set of ecotoxicological benchmarks reported in the literature. Given uncertainty MK-8776 Cell Cycle inhibitor and limited sampling related to our NOECs, as well as uncertainty in generic benchmarks from the literature, further study is needed to refine characterization of As and Pb ecotoxicity in former orchard soils at the Hanford Site. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 10-20, 2014.”
“Objective: To identify the differences in clinical characteristics between acute Q fever and scrub typhus in southern Taiwan.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted in which serological tests for acute Q fever and scrub typhus were performed simultaneously regardless of which disease was suspected clinically. From April 2004 to December 2007, 80 and 40 cases of serotogically confirmed acute Q fever and scrub typhus, respectively, were identified and included in the study for comparison.

Results: By univariate analysis, being mate (p < 0.001) and having an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >88 U/l (p = 0.015) were more common in acute Q fever, whereas residence or travel in a mountainous region or offshore

island of Taiwan (p < 0.001), skin rash (p < 0.001), eschar (p < 0.001), lymphadenopathy (p = 0.04), leukocytosis https://www.sellecn.cn/products/4sc-202.html (p = 0.002), and pulmonary involvement on chest

X-ray (p = 0.003) were more common in scrub typhus. In the muttivariate analysis, being mate (odds EPZ004777 molecular weight ratio (OR) 10.883, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.079-56.441, p = 0.005) was an independent characteristic of acute Q fever, while residence or travel in a mountainous region or offshore island (OR 0.073, 95% CI 0.019-0.275, p < 0.001) and skin rash (OR 0.152, 95% CI 0.024-0.945, p = 0.043) were independent characteristics of scrub typhus. The response to doxycycline treatment was not different.

Conclusions: In southern Taiwan, sex, area of residence, travel history, and physical examination are important in the differentiation of acute Q fever from scrub typhus. (C) 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chongmyungtang (CMT) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine, used therapeutically for memory improvement. It consists of 3 herbs, wongi (Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, WNG), sukchangpo (Acorus gramineus Soland, SCP), and bokshin (Poria cocos Wolf, BKS). This study evaluated CMT and its components in terms of anti-cholinesterases (ChEs) activity, antioxidant activity, and their effects on memory in mice. CMT displayed the highest inhibition towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE), followed by WNG, SCP, and BKS. WNG was found to be the most effective herb with an estimated IC50 value of 0.94 mg/mL on butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition.

7%). Patients with an abnormal PET had 15 cardiac events (one cardiac death, four nonfatal MIs and

10 late revascularizations), with an annual event rate of 13.0% (P=0.002).

CONCLUSIONS: Although small, the present study suggests that defects

seen on PET myocardial perfusion, resulting from stressors (treadmill GSK461364 exercise and dobutamine) that increase myocardial oxygen demand, may have

prognostic value.”
“We examined a total of 194 patients over 18 years of age with chronic prostatitis syndrome and no evidence of structural or functional

lower genitourinary tract abnormalities. The following data were obtained for each patient: clinical history – the severity of chronic prostatitis symptoms scored by a Croatian translation of the NIH CPSI questionnaire, clinical status including digitorectal examination, urethral swab specimens, and selective samples of urine and expressed prostatic secretion, according to the 4-glass localization test (Meares CCI-779 manufacturer and Stamey localization technique).

Patients were treated orally with antimicrobial agents in doses and duration according to clinical practice in Croatia.

An infectious etiology was determined in 169 (87%) patients. Chlamydia trachomatis was the causative pathogen in 38 (20%), Trichomonas vaginalis in 35 (18%), Enterococcus in 36 (19%) and Escherichia coli in 35 (18%) patients. In the remaining 25 patients the following causative pathogens were found: Ureaplasma urealyticum, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comparison of symptoms scores and effect on quality of life has shown that the most severe clinical presentation of disease was recorded in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by E. coli and Enterococcus (p<0.001). Clinical success Selleck GDC0449 was paralleled by bacteriological eradication in chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by C. trachomatis, Enterococcus and E. coli (kappa >0.2<0.5), but not in inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome caused by T. vaginalis.”
“BACKGROUND: Cardiac

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive

technique used to accurately and reproducibly measure biological

parameters such as left ventricular mass. However, some subjects either

refuse or are unable to complete testing, and the impact of excluding these missing data from predictive models is unknown.

METHODS: Multiple imputation was applied to cardiac MRI data that

were previously analyzed using a complete case approach. The model variables – 10 traditional cardiovascular risk factors and five sociodemographic variables – were used as a basis for imputation. Men and women were imputed separately. The primary focus was assessing the change in the cardiovascular predictors of left ventricular geometry and systolic function.

RESULTS: Although 27% of participants were missing cardiac MRI data,

multiple imputation returned results similar to those of a complete case

analysis.

Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, and informed consent was obtained from all patients whose records were to be entered MLN0128 datasheet into the research database. All patients who had prostate cancer managed with active surveillance and who had undergone both MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate and transrectal US at time of diagnosis were identified. Two urologists blinded to the clinical outcome in these patients independently reviewed and dichotomized

the MR imaging report and the MR spectroscopic imaging report as normal or suggestive of malignancy. One experienced urologist performed all US examinations that were then dichotomized similarly. Uni- and multivariate (with use of standard clinical variables) Cox models were fitted to assess time to cancer progression, defined as Gleason score upgrading, prostate-specific antigen velocity of more than 0.75 (mu g . L(-1))/y, or initiation of treatment more than 6 months after diagnosis.

Results: The final cohort included 114 patients with a median follow-up of 59 months. Patients with a lesion that was

suggestive of cancer at MR imaging had a greater risk of the Gleason score being upgraded at subsequent biopsy (hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 14.9) than did patients without such a lesion. Neither MR spectroscopic imaging selleck inhibitor nor

transrectal US could be used to predict cancer progression.

Conclusion: Abnormal prostate MR imaging results suggestive of cancer may Cl-amidine molecular weight confer an increased risk of Gleason score upgrade at subsequent biopsy. Although expensive, prostate MR imaging may help in counseling potential candidates about active surveillance. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS) is a collection of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including visual agnosia (prosopagnosia), hypermetamorphosis, placidity, hypersexuality, and hyperorality. Although neuropsychiatric manifestation is prevalent in cases with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), only one literature reported a case with SLE that had KBS previously. In this article, a 37-year-old woman with SLE who developed KBS and other neuropsychiatric symptoms is presented. Brain imaging proved the relevant structural lesion. The possible explanation of pathogenesis of KBS in SLE is discussed.”
“The molecular weight (MW) of chitosan (CS) was determined by viscometric method (using Mark-Houwink equation) as well as by gel permeation chromatography, and the degree of deacetylation (DDA) of CS was measured by potentiometric titration method and Gran-type linearization method. The values of DDA were obtained similar to 83% (by potentiometric titration method) and similar to 86% (by Gran-type linearization method).